Cell Specialisation and Organisaion Flashcards
What is differentiation ?
The process by which cells become specialised for different functions. During this process different genes are turned on and off.
What is an advantage of cell differentiation ?
Helps cells carry out specific functions more efficiently.
What is cellular arrangement ?
Cells aggregate together to work more efficiently and create a tissue.
What does aggregate mean ??
Stick together. What
Write the order starting at cells ….
Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism
Give examples of tissues.
Xylem Phloem Epithelial Muscular Glandular Cardiac muscle Connective
What tissues does a leaf have ?
Palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, epidermis (upper and lower), stomata, phloem, xylem.
What tissues does the stomach have ?
Muscle, Glandular, epithelial.
What are Erythrocytes and how are they specialised for a specific function ??£
Red blood cells.
A lot of haemoglobin, no nucleus, large surface area for maximum oxygen absorption, biconcave shape to increase surface area.
What are Neutrophils and how are they specialised for their function ?
White blood cells.
A lot of lysosomes to kill and ingest cells. Lobed nucleus for greater flexibility.
Name the two types of epithelial cells that can make up epithelial tissue and how they are adapted for their function.
Squamous epithelial cells- flat cells that form a single thin layer and line tubes where diffusion occurs. Held in place by a basement membrane which is made of collagen and Glycoproteins.
Ciliated epithelial cells- column shaped cells which have tiny projections called Cilia which beat at synchronised times to remove mucus.
What is the full name for a sperm cell and how is it specialised for its function ?
Spermatozoon / Motile sperm cell
Undulipodium tail which moves energy generated by many Mitochondria and propels the cell.
Acrosome lysosomes to release enzymes that enable penetration of the ovum coat.
How are root hair cells specialised for their function ?
Large surface area created by hair like projections.
Many Mitochondria produce ATP energy for active transport.
How is the xylem tissue adapted ?
Consists of the xylem vessels and parenchyma cells. These are dead, and elongated cells with a deposit of Lignin which is waterproof and reinforced.
Xylem also has a large lumen.
What is the function of the Phloem tissue ?
Consists of sieve tubes which line up and their ends form sieve plates. Materials move through these sieve plates. Companion cells keep the sieve tubes alive.
