Eukaryotic Animal Cells Flashcards
Name the function of the mitochondria.
Produce ATP
Aerobic respiration in the matrix.
Has a double membrane Cristae which fold to create a larger surface area for reactions.
Name the function of the nucleolus
Where RNA (ribo-nucleic Acid) is produced.
Ribosynthesis.
No surrounding membrane.
What is the name of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell?
Chromatin
Name the function of the nuclear membrane.
Controls what enters and leaves the nucleus.
Name the function of the nucleoplasm.
Contains DNA
Bulk of nucleus
Name the function of the nuclear pores.
Contain holes which allow exchange of materials between the nurses and main cell ( such as RNA).
Name the function of the Golgi Apparatus/ body.
This modifies materials sent from the ER into useful substances such as lysosomes and glycoproteins.
Lysosomes created here.
Have cisterns and vesicles.
Name the function of the pinoclytic vesicles.
They release materials from the cell membrane into the extra cellular fluid.
Name the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum.
The site of lipidsynthesis.
Controls the transportation of lipids and carbohydrates around the cell.
Name the function of the Centrioles.
Move to opposite ends of the cell during Mitosis and Meiosis to help divide the DNA.
Name the function of the Microtubules.
Help movement of substances around the cell.
Made up of 9 microtubule triplets.
Name the function of the Cytoskeleton.
Cell structure
Name the function of the Cytoplasm.
Site of chemical reactions.
Name the function of the lysosomes.
Carry survival genes
Resistant to antibiotics
Hydrolyse cells
Have enzymes which Digest worn out organelles
Frequently found in phagocytic white blood cells.
Name the function of the Ribosomes
Site of proteinsynthesis.
Have 2 sub units. The large attached to amino acids while the small attached to RNA.
80s for eukaryotic. 70s for prokaryotic.
What does Hydrolyse mean ??
Splitting with water. Using water to break bonds.
Name the function of the Golgi Vesicles.
Contain Carbohydrates which are modified into Glycoproteins by the Golgi body.
Name the function of the cell membrane.
Control what moves in and out of the cell.
Embedded proteins.
Phospholipid bi-layer.
Fluid mosaic structure.
Why are some cells ciliated ?? And where are these often found ??
In the small intestine - they increase the surface area for faster reaction time (maximum food absorption).
What is autolysis ?
The destruction of cells or tissues by their own enzymes.
Why are Mitochondria helpful in muscle cells ?
They provide ATP energy which allows contraction of the muscles.
How do microvilli aid digestion ?
Create a larger surface area for maximum food absorption.
What is an organelle ?
A specialised structure within any living cell.
What organelle has cisterna?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum.
In a drawing there appear to be a number of separate cisternae in the rough ER. However, the approximate value of cisternae =1. Why ??
Without electron microscopes, sections must be joined so cisternae are joined to each other outside the place of section.
How are Mitochondria linked to production of protein ?
They produce ATP energy.
Why is homogenate filtered before spinning ??
This separated out and debris, sand or whole cells which could interfere with results.
Explain how microvilli help absorption of substances in the small intestine.
They increase the surface area for diffusion.
The width of Mitochondria never varies. How is this helpful ??
Multiple can be closely packed to create a larger surface area to volume ratio and a shorter diffusion pathway.
Why would the count of amino acids in the Rough ER decrease over time ??
The quantity of amino acids decreases as they are converted into proteins.
Name the process where a vesicles is separated from the cell membrane.
Exocytosis.
What is the link between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and enzyme-secreting cells from the salivary gland.
Enzymes are long chains of amino acids and are therefore secreted from the rough ER where protein-synthesis occurs.
What is differentiation ?
Cells become specialised to carry out a specific function.
Name 2 structures that are present in an epithelial cell from the small intestine but not in a cholera bacteria.
Microvilli, nucleus, rough ER, Mitochondria.
Why are Mitochondria found in cells which use active uptake.
They produce ATP energy which is needed for active transport.
