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Biology > Eukaryotic Animal Cells > Flashcards

Eukaryotic Animal Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name the function of the mitochondria.

A

Produce ATP
Aerobic respiration in the matrix.
Has a double membrane Cristae which fold to create a larger surface area for reactions.

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2
Q

Name the function of the nucleolus

A

Where RNA (ribo-nucleic Acid) is produced.
Ribosynthesis.
No surrounding membrane.

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3
Q

What is the name of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell?

A

Chromatin

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4
Q

Name the function of the nuclear membrane.

A

Controls what enters and leaves the nucleus.

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5
Q

Name the function of the nucleoplasm.

A

Contains DNA

Bulk of nucleus

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6
Q

Name the function of the nuclear pores.

A

Contain holes which allow exchange of materials between the nurses and main cell ( such as RNA).

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7
Q

Name the function of the Golgi Apparatus/ body.

A

This modifies materials sent from the ER into useful substances such as lysosomes and glycoproteins.
Lysosomes created here.
Have cisterns and vesicles.

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8
Q

Name the function of the pinoclytic vesicles.

A

They release materials from the cell membrane into the extra cellular fluid.

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9
Q

Name the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum.

A

The site of lipidsynthesis.

Controls the transportation of lipids and carbohydrates around the cell.

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10
Q

Name the function of the Centrioles.

A

Move to opposite ends of the cell during Mitosis and Meiosis to help divide the DNA.

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11
Q

Name the function of the Microtubules.

A

Help movement of substances around the cell.

Made up of 9 microtubule triplets.

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12
Q

Name the function of the Cytoskeleton.

A

Cell structure

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13
Q

Name the function of the Cytoplasm.

A

Site of chemical reactions.

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14
Q

Name the function of the lysosomes.

A

Carry survival genes
Resistant to antibiotics
Hydrolyse cells
Have enzymes which Digest worn out organelles

Frequently found in phagocytic white blood cells.

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15
Q

Name the function of the Ribosomes

A

Site of proteinsynthesis.
Have 2 sub units. The large attached to amino acids while the small attached to RNA.
80s for eukaryotic. 70s for prokaryotic.

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16
Q

What does Hydrolyse mean ??

A

Splitting with water. Using water to break bonds.

17
Q

Name the function of the Golgi Vesicles.

A

Contain Carbohydrates which are modified into Glycoproteins by the Golgi body.

18
Q

Name the function of the cell membrane.

A

Control what moves in and out of the cell.
Embedded proteins.
Phospholipid bi-layer.
Fluid mosaic structure.

19
Q

Why are some cells ciliated ?? And where are these often found ??

A

In the small intestine - they increase the surface area for faster reaction time (maximum food absorption).

20
Q

What is autolysis ?

A

The destruction of cells or tissues by their own enzymes.

21
Q

Why are Mitochondria helpful in muscle cells ?

A

They provide ATP energy which allows contraction of the muscles.

22
Q

How do microvilli aid digestion ?

A

Create a larger surface area for maximum food absorption.

23
Q

What is an organelle ?

A

A specialised structure within any living cell.

24
Q

What organelle has cisterna?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum.

25
Q

In a drawing there appear to be a number of separate cisternae in the rough ER. However, the approximate value of cisternae =1. Why ??

A

Without electron microscopes, sections must be joined so cisternae are joined to each other outside the place of section.

26
Q

How are Mitochondria linked to production of protein ?

A

They produce ATP energy.

27
Q

Why is homogenate filtered before spinning ??

A

This separated out and debris, sand or whole cells which could interfere with results.

28
Q

Explain how microvilli help absorption of substances in the small intestine.

A

They increase the surface area for diffusion.

29
Q

The width of Mitochondria never varies. How is this helpful ??

A

Multiple can be closely packed to create a larger surface area to volume ratio and a shorter diffusion pathway.

30
Q

Why would the count of amino acids in the Rough ER decrease over time ??

A

The quantity of amino acids decreases as they are converted into proteins.

31
Q

Name the process where a vesicles is separated from the cell membrane.

A

Exocytosis.

32
Q

What is the link between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and enzyme-secreting cells from the salivary gland.

A

Enzymes are long chains of amino acids and are therefore secreted from the rough ER where protein-synthesis occurs.

33
Q

What is differentiation ?

A

Cells become specialised to carry out a specific function.

34
Q

Name 2 structures that are present in an epithelial cell from the small intestine but not in a cholera bacteria.

A

Microvilli, nucleus, rough ER, Mitochondria.

35
Q

Why are Mitochondria found in cells which use active uptake.

A

They produce ATP energy which is needed for active transport.

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