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ATP Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does ATP stand for ?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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2
Q

How does sunlight link to ATP ??

A

Sunlight is captured by organic molecules via photosynthesis.
Organic molecules then oxidise the sunlight energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose. This oxidisation occurs during respiration.
1 glucose molecule contains many ATP.

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3
Q

Other than via the sunlight explanation , how is ATP synthesised ?

A

During photosynthesis

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4
Q

What is the equation for hydrolysis of ATP ?

A

ATP + H20 - ADP + Pi + Energy

Where Pi is an inorganic phosphate

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5
Q

What is hydrolysis.

A

Splitting up of a complex molecule using water.

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6
Q

Drawn an ATP molecule and label.

A

In notes

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7
Q

What are the properties of the bonds between the phosphates in an ATP molecule ?

A

They are weak and therefore have a low activation energy.

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8
Q

What components are within an ATP molecule.

A

Adenine , Ribose and 3 phosphates.

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9
Q

What enzymes is required to break ATP into ADP ?

A

ATP hydrolase

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10
Q

What enzyme is required to return ADP to ATP (

A

ATP synthase

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11
Q

What is ATP hydrolase used for ?

A

Required as an enzyme to break ATP into ADP.

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12
Q

What is ATP synthase required for ?

A

The return ADP back to ATP.

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13
Q

What type of reaction makes ADP return to ATP.

A

A condensation reaction ( because water is produced). And phosphorylation - because a phosphate group is added.

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14
Q

What is phosphorylation ?

A

Adding a phosphate group.

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15
Q

What are the 3 ways that Phosphoation can occur ?

A

Photophospholyation
Oxidative phosphorylation
Substrate level phosphorylation

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16
Q

What is photophospholyation ?

A

Synthesis of ATP in the chlorophyll during photosynthesis.

17
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Occurs in the mitochondria in the electron transport chain as part of respiration.

18
Q

What is the substrate level phosphorylation?

A

Phosphate groups are transferred from donor molecules to ADP.

19
Q

What type of phosphorylation transfers phosphate groups from donor molecules to ADO ?

A

Substrate level

20
Q

What are the advantages of ATP as an energy source ?

A

Immediate source of energy in cells.
Releases energy in small, manageable volumes.
Hydrolysis into ADP is only one stage which is quicker than the complete breakdown of glucose.
ATP can phosphorylate other molecules to make them more reactive.
It is soluble so can be transported easily.
Can be readily resynthesised .

21
Q

What are the disadvantages of ATP as an energy source ?

A

It can’t be stored long term.

Requires constant re-synthesis

22
Q

What are the main roles of ATP ?

A 
Activation of molecules
Active transport 
Metabolism
Movement
Secretion
23
Q

How does ATP link to activation of molecules ?

A

Inorganic phosphate releases can be used to phosphorylate other compounds to make them more reactive.

24
Q

How is ATP linked to active transport ?

A

Proved the energy needed to change the shape of carrier proteins in the cell membrane.

25
Q

How is ATP linked to metabolism?

A

Provides energy needed to build up macromolecules.

26
Q

How does ATP link to movement ?

A

Provides the energy needed for muscle contraction.

27
Q

How does ATP link to secretion ?

A

Needed to form lysosomes necessary for cellular transport and release from cells.

28
Q

Describe 2 difference in structure between a nucleotide in DNA and ATP.

A

There are 3 phosphates in ATP but only one in a DNA nucleotide.

There is ribose in ATP but deoxyribose sugar in DNA.

29
Q

Suggest why the sudden release of heat energy from the hydrolysis of ATP would be dangerous inside a living cell.

A

A sudden increase in internal temperature may denature enzymes meaning that bonds are broken and the active site changes shape. The substrate will therefore no longer fit and chemical reactions will be prevented - not optimum rate.

30
Q

Explain how the energy in ATP prevents over heating in living cells.

A

A phosphate group is removed from the ATP and is transferred to another molecules so the energy is not lost as heat but is transferred to another molecule.

31
Q

What is the formula for glucose ?

A

C6H12O6

32
Q

What is the formula for lactose ?

A

C12H22O11

33
Q

Suggest what is meant by a thermostable enzyme ?

A

Are not denatured and are able to function at high temperatures.

34
Q

Explain why a-amylase maybe be described as a polymer.

A

It is a protein made of similar amino acid monomers.

35
Q

How would you discover is non-rescuing.

A

Heat the substance with acid or hydrolyse using an enzyme and then heat with benedicts solution again.
If the substance remains blue, it is non-reducing.

36
Q

Name the chemical elements in a non-reducing sugar.

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.

37
Q

Describe a chemical test to find out if a substance contains a protein.

A

Biuret reagent.
Add Naoh and CuSo4.
If the solution produced is violet/ mauve/ lilac/ purple a protein is present.

38
Q

Name one chemical found in all amino acids but not in monosaccharides!

A

Nitrogen

39
Q

What does hydroxylating mean ?

A

Addition of a hydroxyl group (OH).

Biology (35 decks)

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