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Mitosis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is mitosis needed for ?

A

Needed for growth of multi-cellular organisms and repairing damaged tissue.

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2
Q

What are the products of mitosis ?

A

Produces 2 daughter cells that have the identical genetics (DNA) as the parents cells and each other.

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3
Q

What are the 4 stages of mitosis ?

A

Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase

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4
Q

What occurs in the interphase stage ?

A

Cell carries out normal functions but also prepares to divide.
DNA in unraveled abs replicated to double its genetic content.
Organelles are also replicated to have spare ones.
ATP content increases to provide energy needed for cell division.

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5
Q

What happens in the prophase ?

A

Chromosomes condense to become shorter and fatter.
Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell and form a network of protein fibres called spindles.
Nuclear envelope breaks down and chromosomes lie free in the cytoplasm.

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6
Q

What are centrioles.

A

Tiny balls of proteins.

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7
Q

What happens in the Metaphase ?

A

Chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell and become attached to the spindle by theirs centromeres.

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8
Q

What happens in the anaphase ?

A

Centromeres divide separating each pair of sister chromatids. The spindles contest pulling sister chromatids to opposite poles of the spindle. This makes the chromatids V shaped.

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9
Q

What happens in the telophase ?

A

Chromatids reach opposite poles on the spindle. They u cool to become long and thin. They are now chromosomes again. Nuclear envelopes forms around each set of chromosomes so there are now 2 nuclei. Cytoplasm divides by cytokinesis and now there are 2 daughter cells.

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10
Q

What is it called when the cytoplasm divides.

A

Cytokinesis.

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11
Q

What are the 3 stages of the cell cycle.

A

Gap phase 1
Synthesis
Gap phase 2

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12
Q

What happens in gap phase one of the cell cycle ?

A

Cell grows, new organelles and proteins are made.

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13
Q

What happens in the synthesis phase of the cell cycle.

A

Cell replicated it’s DNA ready to divide by mitosis.

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14
Q

What happens in gap phase 2 of the cell cycle.

A

Cells keep growing, proteins needed for cell division are made.

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15
Q

How is a tumour caused ?

A

Mitosis and the cell cycle are caused by genes. If there is a mutation in a gene that controls cell division, cells can grow out of control.
The cells keep on dividing to make more cells which forms a tumour.
Cancer is a tumour that invaded surrounding tissue.

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16
Q

How do some cancer treatments target the cell cycle.

A

Some treatments control rate of cell division by disrupt the cell cycle. This kills the tumour cells.

However, the treatments don’t distinguish between tumour cells and normal body cells so they also kill normal body cells that are dividing. Tumour cells divide more frequently than normal cells so the treatments are mite likely to kill tumour cells.

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17
Q

What is a negative with cancer treatments ?

A

The treatments don’t distinguish between tumour cells and normal body cells so they also kill normal body cells that are dividing. Tumour cells divide more frequently than normal cells so the treatments are mite likely to kill tumour cells.

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18
Q

Give an example of how a cancer treatment can target the cell cycle.

A

G1 - cell growth and protein production.

S phase radiation

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19
Q

How does G1 cancer treatment work ?

A

Chemical drugs such as chemotherapy prevent synthesis of enzymes needed for DNA replication. This means cells can’t reach the ‘s’ division phase, the cell cycle is disrupted and the cell is forced to kill itself. This prevents further tumour growth.

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20
Q

How does s phase radiation work ?

A

Radiation and some drugs damage DNA. At several points in the cell cycle the DNA is checked for damage. If there is severe damage, the cell will kill itself, preventing further tumour growth.

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21
Q

Why would you stain a specimen before studying it under a microscope for mitosis ?

A

So that chromosomes can be seen ?

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22
Q

Why may a specimen be squashed before placing it under a microscope to study for mitosis ?

A

To allow light through by making the layer of tissue thinner.

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23
Q

In which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur ?

A

Synthesis phase

S phase

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24
Q

In which stage of the cell cycle do individual chromatids from a chromatic pair move to opposite poles of the cell.

A

Anaphase

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25
Q

What is the function of the spindle ?

A

Pull chromatids to opposite poles of the cell by contracting and shortening.

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26
Q

Describe two events that take place during interphase

A

Increased volume of cell with an increased mass.
Increased number of organelles.
DNA replication.
Chromosomes become chromatids.

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27
Q

Why are the tips of plant roots uses to study mitosis ?

A

This is the region where mitosis occurs ?

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28
Q

Why do some drugs that treat cancer reduce the quantity of red blood cells.

A

Red blood cells are produced by mitosis so when the cell division is disrupted, fewer red blood cells are synthesised.

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29
Q

During what phase does DNA replication occur ?

A

Interphase.

30
Q

Give one process which occurs in the nucleus of a cell during interphase which is necessary before cell division can take place.

A

Replication of chromosomes

Transcription of DNA

31
Q

Explain one advantage of cells lining the human gut dividing very frequently.

A

To replace cells

32
Q

What are histones ?

A

Small balls of proteins wrap the DNA to create chromatin.

33
Q

How is chromatin made ?

A

Histones ( small balls of protein) wrap the DNA.

34
Q

Chromosomes are. Pairs with one. And one. Strand

A

Chromosomes are homologous pairs with one maternal and one parent Chromosome.

35
Q

How is mitosis important to growth ?

A

2 haploid cells fuse to form a diploid cell which has all the genetic information required to make a new organism. If the new organism is to resemble the parent, the cells that grow must be genetically identical and therefore derive from mitosis.

36
Q

How is mitosis important to reproduction ?

A

Single cells organisms divide by mitosis to give 2 new genetically identical organisms.

37
Q

How does mitosis help repair of cells ?

A

If cells are damaged or die, new cells produce an identical structure and function those that were lost.

38
Q

What is the cell cycle ?

A

An ordered set of events leading to cell growth and division.

39
Q

What occurs in gap phase one ?

A

Synthesis of proteins

40
Q

What happens in synthesis (stage S) during the cell cycle ?

A

DNA replication

41
Q

What happens during gap phase 2 of the cell cycle ?

A

Organelles grow and divide. ATP content increases.

42
Q

What is G0 in the cell cycle ?

A

A resting phase where no mitosis occurs. For example adulthood or in the lung tissue.

43
Q

When may G0 in the cell cycle occur.

A

During adulthood when you are fully grown. Or in the lung tissue.

44
Q

What are the checkpoints in the cell cycle (general) ?

A

Proteins that ensure all is correct before moving to the next stage. If an issue occurs , cell division stops.

45
Q

What are the 3 checkpoints in the cell cycle and when do they occur ?

A

Between G1 and S - checking DNA synthesis can begin.
Between G2 and the start of mitosis- checking DNA synthesis has been successful.
During metaphase - checking all chromosomes are attached to spindles.

46
Q

What is cancer ?

A

Incorrect replication of DNA. Specific damage to genes that control the cell cycle. Therefore uncontrolled cell division leads to a tumour.

47
Q

Why are tumours able to occur ?

A

Protein checkpoints that control DNA change tertiary structure and fail to recognise faulty DNA. Therefore uncontrolled cell division of faulty DNA occurs and a tumour is developed.

48
Q

How do cancer treatments work ?

A

They block parts of the cell cycle.

They either prevent DNA replication or inhibit the metaphase by interfering with spindle formation.

49
Q

What is the problem with cancer treatments ?

A

They also affect normal cells.

50
Q

Why do cancer treatments cause hair loss ?

A

Hair producing cells diving rapidly.

51
Q

What are histones ?

A

Small balls of proteins wrap the DNA to create chromatin.

52
Q

How is chromatin made ?

A

Histones ( small balls of protein) wrap the DNA.

53
Q

Chromosomes are. Pairs with one. And one. Strand

A

Chromosomes are homologous pairs with one maternal and one parent Chromosome.

54
Q

How is mitosis important to growth ?

A

2 haploid cells fuse to form a diploid cell which has all the genetic information required to make a new organism. If the new organism is to resemble the parent, the cells that grow must be genetically identical and therefore derive from mitosis.

55
Q

How is mitosis important to reproduction ?

A

Single cells organisms divide by mitosis to give 2 new genetically identical organisms.

56
Q

How does mitosis help repair of cells ?

A

If cells are damaged or die, new cells produce an identical structure and function those that were lost.

57
Q

What is the cell cycle ?

A

An ordered set of events leading to cell growth and division.

58
Q

What occurs in gap phase one ?

A

Synthesis of proteins

59
Q

What happens in synthesis (stage S) during the cell cycle ?

A

DNA replication

60
Q

What happens during gap phase 2 of the cell cycle ?

A

Organelles grow and divide. ATP content increases.

61
Q

What is G0 in the cell cycle ?

A

A resting phase where no mitosis occurs. For example adulthood or in the lung tissue.

62
Q

When may G0 in the cell cycle occur.

A

During adulthood when you are fully grown. Or in the lung tissue.

63
Q

What are the checkpoints in the cell cycle (general) ?

A

Proteins that ensure all is correct before moving to the next stage. If an issue occurs , cell division stops.

64
Q

What are the 3 checkpoints in the cell cycle and when do they occur ?

A

Between G1 and S - checking DNA synthesis can begin.
Between G2 and the start of mitosis- checking DNA synthesis has been successful.
During metaphase - checking all chromosomes are attached to spindles.

65
Q

What is cancer ?

A

Incorrect replication of DNA. Specific damage to genes that control the cell cycle. Therefore uncontrolled cell division leads to a tumour.

66
Q

Why are tumours able to occur ?

A

Protein checkpoints that control DNA change tertiary structure and fail to recognise faulty DNA. Therefore uncontrolled cell division of faulty DNA occurs and a tumour is developed.

67
Q

How do cancer treatments work ?

A

They block parts of the cell cycle.

They either prevent DNA replication or inhibit the metaphase by interfering with spindle formation.

68
Q

What is the problem with cancer treatments ?

A

They also affect normal cells.

69
Q

Why do cancer treatments cause hair loss ?

A

Hair producing cells diving rapidly.

70
Q

Why do people undergoing cancer treatment have a low red blood count.

A

Cancer treatments affect the cell cycle of normal cells as well as tumours. Red blood cells are formed by mitosis and therefore production of red blood cells will be restricted.

Biology (35 decks)

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