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Patho > pH, Electrolyte, & Fluid Balance (exam 3) > Flashcards

pH, Electrolyte, & Fluid Balance (exam 3) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the total body water (TBW)?

A

All fluids 60% of weight

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2
Q

How much of the TBW is intracellular fluid (ICF)?

A

2/3 of the TBW

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3
Q

How much of the TBW is extracellular fluid (ECF)?

A

1/3 of the TBW

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4
Q

What makes up the ECF?

A 
Interstitial fluid (IF): between the cells
Intravascular fluid: blood plasma (primarily H20)
Lymph, synovial, intestinal, CSF, sweat, urine, pleural, peritoneal, pericardial, intraocular fluid
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5
Q

What is the normal pH of the body?

A

7.40

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6
Q

What is the normal pH range in the body?

A

7.35 - 7.45

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7
Q

What is pH a measure of?

A

H+ ions
Power of hydrogen
0-14

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8
Q

What pH is acidic (acidotic)?

A

7.34 and below

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9
Q

What pH is basic (alkadotic)?

A

7.46 and above

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10
Q

What is an anion?

A

Negative charged ion

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11
Q

What is a cation?

A

Positively charged ion

plussy cat

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12
Q

What is the primary ECF cation? Where is there more of it?

A

Sodium (Na+)

More outside the cell

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13
Q

What does Na+ do?

A

Regulates osmotic forces

Fluid Movement! water follows Na+

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14
Q

What is the primary ECF anion?

A

Chloride (Cl-)

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15
Q

What does Cl- do?

A

Provides electroneutrality

Moves with Na+

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16
Q

What does H20 do when Na+ levels are increased?

A

H20 levels increase

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17
Q

What does H20 do when Na+ levels are decreased?

A

H20 levels decrease

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18
Q

What is tonicity?

A

Change in concentration of solutes (salt) with relation to solvent (water)

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19
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

Equal concentrate in and outside the cell

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20
Q

What is a hypertonic solution? Which direction does water move?

A

Concentrate higher outside the cell

Water moves out of the cell (dehydrates cell)

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21
Q

What is a hypotonic solution? Which direction does water move?

A

Concentrate higher inside the cell

Water moves into cell (explodes/ lysis cell)

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22
Q

What is hypernatremia? What are the manifestations?

A 
Na+ > 145 mEq/ L 
High Na+ levels (outside cell)
Intracellular dehydration
Increase Na+ or decrease H20
Manifestations: increase cellular functions
Hypertension
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23
Q

What is hyponatermia? What are the manifestions?

A 
Na+ < 135 mEq/ L
Low Na+ levels
More H20 into cells
Decrease Na+ or increase H20
Manifestations: decrease cellular functioning, hypotension, tachycardia (try to bring up BP)
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24
Q

What is the most common electrolyte imbalance?

A

Hyponatremia

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25
What is hypochloremia the result of?
Result of hyponatremia or | Increase HCO3
26
What is the major intracellular electrolyte?
Potassium (K+)
27
What does K+ do?
Think heart Transmission and conduction of nerve impulses Normal cardiac rhythm Skeletal and smooth muscle contractions ("action potentials") Changes in K+= changes in heart functioning
28
What is acidosis? Causes of acidosis?
pH under 7.35 | Increase H+ inside cell --> K+ moves out (hyperkalemia)
29
What is hyperkalemia? What are its manifestations?
K+ moves out High K+ levels outside cell Raises resting membrane potential Increase excitability: take less to reach threshold Manifestations: cardiac dyshythmias, PVC (premature ventricular contractions)
30
What is alkolosis? Causes of alkolosis?
pH above 7.46 | Decrease H+ inside cell --> K+ moves into cell (hypokalemia)
31
What is hypokalemia? What are its manifestations?
Low K+ outside the cell Lowers resting membrane potential Decrease excitability: need more to reach threshold Manifestations: cardiac dysrhythmias (bradycardia, asystole)
32
What is Ca++ function? Hypocalcemia? Hypercalcemia?
Think skeletal muscle function Affects threshold potential Hypocalcemia: decrease threshold potential= more excitable (increase skeletal muscle function) Hypercalcemia: increase threshold potential= less excitable (decrease skeletal muscle function)
33
What is the main driver of fluid balance?
Na+
34
What primarily regulates fluid balance?
Kidneys and Hormones
35
What regulates H20?
Hypothalamus--> posterior pituitary--> ADH | ADH causes kidneys to take H20 from the urine
36
What regulates Na+/ Cl-?
Adrenal gland- releases aldosterone: reabsorbs Na+, H20, decrease urine, increase BP Atrial muscle- releases natriuretic hormones (ANH): put Na+ into urine, H20 follows, increase urine, decrease BP
37
What is osmolarity/ osmolality? What happens if increased?
Amount of electrolytes to H20 | Increase osmolality: More electrolytes, less H20
38
What does the RAAS system do?
Release aldosterone Increase BP Decrease urine
39
How do we take in fluids?
Drinking Food Metabolism
40
How do we output fluids?
Urine Breathing Skin Feces
41
What is hydrostatic pressure?
``` Fluid pressure (main= BP) PUSHing force (high to low) ```
42
What is oncotic pressure? Osmotic pressure?
Oncotic= Proteins Osmotic= Electrolytes PULLing force
43
What is capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP)?
'Fluid out' #1 pressure (strongest) Push out of capillary Blood pressure is driving force out
44
What is capillary oncotic pressure (COP)?
``` 'Fluid in' #2 pressure Water attraction to plasma proteins Albumin is driving force into capillaries Pull into capillary ```
45
What is interstitial hydrostatic pressure (IFHP)?
``` 'Fluid in' # 3 pressure Interstitial fluid pressure Push into capillaries Driving force is interstitial fluid pressure ```
46
What is interstitial oncotic pressure (IFOP)
'Fluid out' #4 pressure (weakest) Water attraction to interstitial proteins Proteins and electrolytes are driving force out Pull into interstitial fluid
47
What pressures work together?
CHP & IFOP | COP & IFHP
48
What is edema?
Excessive accumulation of fluids in interstitial space
49
What are the 4 major causes of edema?
Increase capillary hydrostatic pressure: Increase BP Decrease plasma oncotic pressure Increase capillary permeability: inflammation Lymph obstruction: can't drain obligatory load
50
What pH range is the absolute range of life?
6.8-7.8 Acid pull K+ from cells- hyperkalemia Base push K+ into cells- hypokalemia
51
Are acids or bases produced more in the body?
Acids
52
What constantly regulates acids in the body?
Lungs: increase or decrease CO2 Kidneys: bicarbonate & H+ ions
53
What is the volatile acid? How is it eliminated? What carries out the volatile body acids?
Carbonic acid (H2CO3) only one Eliminated as CO2 Carried out by the lungs
54
What carries out the nonvolatile body acids
Eliminated by the kidneys
55
When the blood pH is low, what is it called?
Acidemia
56
When the blood pH is high, what is it called?
Alkalemia
57
What is acidosis?
Low pH in general body tissues
58
What is alkalosis?
High pH in general body tissues
59
What is metabolic acidosis? Signs & Symptoms?
Low body pH Kidney problem: retain to much H+ or get rid of to much bicarb Hyperkalemia (high K+) Kussmaul respirations (compensatory hyperventilation)
60
What is metabolic alkalosis? Signs and Symptoms?
High body pH Kidney problem: retain to much bicarb or get rid of to much H+ Compensatory hypoventilation Hypokalemia (low K+)
61
What is respiratory acidosis? Signs and Symptoms?
Low body pH Lung problem: not getting rid of enough CO2 Hypoventilation--> hypoxia Hyperkalemia (high K+)
62
What is respiratory alkalosis? Signs and Symptoms?
High body pH Lungs problem: blow off to much CO2 Hyperventilation Hypokalemia (low K+)
63
What is a buffer?
A chemical that binds to excess H+ or OH- without a significant change in pH
64
What are the physiological pH control systems?
Chemical buffer systems: immediate (blood) response, ex: bicarbonate buffer system is main (produced by H2O & CO2) Physiological buffer systems: minutes (lungs) response, hours (kidneys), ex: respiratory or renal response system
65
What is compensation in reference to the buffering systems?
If lungs or kidneys aren't working right the other compensates (after trying blood buffer) Respiratory issue- kidney compensation Kidney issue- lung compensation
66
What is the normal range of pCO2?
35-45 mmHg 46 or high= acid 34 or below= base
67
What is the normal range of HCO3?
22-26 mEq/ L
68
What does acidosis do to CNS?
CNS depression | Stupor to confusion to coma
69
What does alkylosis do to CNS?
CNS irritability | Restlessness to seizures
70
What does it mean for fluid balance if: | CHP + IFOP > COP + IFHP?
More fluid into interstitial fluid from the blood
71
What does it mean for fluid balance if: | CHP + IFOP < COP + IFHP?
More fluid pushes into the capillaries
72
What pathologies are related to fluid balance errors?
4 causes of edema: Increase capillary hydrostatic pressure: Increase BP Decrease plasma oncotic pressure Increase capillary permeability: inflammation Lymph obstruction: can't drain obligatory load
73
What is the obligatory load?
During fluid balance process, 10% of fluid goes into tissues and can't be reabsorbed due to BP Fluid must be drained by lymphatics Obligatory load= 10% of fluid that isn't reabsorbed

Patho (17 decks)

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