Immunity (exam 1) Flashcards
1
Q
What is innate immune system?
A
Born with, general responses, non-specific
2
Q
What is the adaptive immune system?
A
Changes with us due to exposure, build and change, MEMORY,
3
Q
What are the 2 arms of the adaptive immune system
A
T-cells (cell mediated) Antibody mediated (B-cells, humoral immunity)
4
Q
What is the first line of defense of the immune system?
A
Barriers (physical and chemical)
Ex: skin, mucous membranes, saliva, tears, sweat, stomach acid
5
Q
What is the second line of defense of the immune system?
A
Inflammation, rapid and nonspecific
6
Q
What is the third line of defense of the immune system?
A
Adaptive immune system
T and B cells
7
Q
What is the adaptive immune system in response to?
A
Antigen exposure, first exposure takes significant time to build, memory for the rest
8
Q
What effects does inflammation have on the cellular level?
A
Vasodilation: makes blood vessels bigger
Increased capillary permeability: allows more across the vessels
9
Q
What are the classsic symptoms of inflammation?
A
Swelling Heat A loss of function Redness Pain
10
Q
Why is inflammation physiologic?
A
Good and normal response, helps stabilize tissues to stop infection and repair
11
Q
Why is inflammation pathologic?
A
Hard to turn off and regulate, screw up fluid balances (edema), stresses system (BP, heart, make you immuno supressed)
12
Q
What are leukocytes divided into?
A
Granulocytes and agranulocytes
13
Q
What part of the immune system are granulocytes a part of?
A
Innate immune system
14
Q
What part of the immune system are agranulocytes a part of?
A
Adaptive immune system
15
Q
What cells make up granulocytes?
A
Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
16
Q
Where are basophils located?
A
Basophils in the blood
Mast cells are the basophils that are found in the tissue
17
Q
What do basophils and mast cells do?
A
Pro inflammatory, release histamine and hepanin
18
Q
What do eosinophils do?
A
Anti-inflammatory and anti-parasitic, regulatory, release histaminase
19
Q
What do neutrophils do?
A
1st responder to injury, most abundant, primary phagocyte, ingesting and destroying
20
Q
What cells are phagocytes?
A
Monos and macros
Neutrophils
21
Q
What is diapedesis?
A
Leave the blood and go into the tissues
22
Q
What cells are capable of diapedesis?
A
Monos and macros
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
23
Q
What cells make up the agranulocytes?
A
T and B cells
Natural Killers
Monocytes and Macrophages
24
Q
Where are monocytes located?
A
In the blood
25
Where are macrophages located?
In the tissue
26
Are T and B cells specific or non specific?
Specific
27
Are natural killers specific or non specific?
Non specific
28
What is the order of events upon an injury?
```
Neutrophils respond and phagocytose
Activate mast cells and basophils
Inflammation begins
Attract other WBC (neutros, eos, macros)
Macros replace neutros
```
29
What 2 processes do mast cells go through?
Degranulation
| Synthesis
30
What occurs during degranulation?
1st step after mast cell activation
Histamine release= vascular effects (vasodilation, increased capillary permeability)
Chemotaxis of more neutros (phagocytosis)
Chemotaxis of more eos (regulate inflammatory process)
31
What occurs during synthesis?
2nd step after mast cell activation
Platelet activating factors (causes clotting)
Activation of the arachidonic acid:
Vascular effects via leukotrienes
Vascular effects and pain via prostaglandins
32
What is produced during the arachidonic acid pathway?
Leukotrienes
Thromboxanes
Prostacyclin
Prostaglandins
33
What do leukotrienes do?
Bring in WBCs, increase inflammation
34
What do thromboxanes do?
Increase clotting
35
What do prostacyclins do?
Regulate leukotrienes (decrease inflammation), thromboxanes (decrease clotting), prostaglandins (reduce pain)
36
What do prostaglandins do?
Increase inflammation and pain
37
What is an APC and what do they do?
Antigen Presenting Cell
| Phagocytic cell, ingests and breaks down, presents to B cells to induce better immune response
38
What is phagocytosis?
Process by which a cell ingests and disposes of foreign material
39
What is the primary function of natural killer cells?
Kill viruses, kill abnormal host cells (cancer or tumor cells)
40
What are cytokines?
Cell signaling, help facilitate immune system
41
What are pyrogens?
Interleukins, induce fever
42
What are interferons?
cell signaling for viral infections, warn neighbors that a virus is presnet
43
What are chemokines?
Chemotactic cytokines, speacial kind of cytokines, induce leukocyte chemotaxis
44
What are the 3 plasma protein systems?
Complement System
Coagulation System
Kinin System
45
What does the complement system do?
Activates innate and adaptive immune systems, protein cascades
46
What comes out of the complement system?
Opsonination: tag something for destruction
Chemotactic factors of WBCs
Produce membrane attack complex to cause lysis
47
What does the coagulation system do?
Causes us to clot
48
What does the kinin system do?
Increases pain and inflammation
49
List and describe the exudative fluids of inflammation
Serous: watery, early
Fibrous: thick, clotted (pick scab and its amberous/ sticky)
Purulent: bacterial infection, pus, smells bad
Hemorrhagic: blood
50
What is an endogenous fever?
Fever caused from us and what we release
51
What is an exogenous fever?
Fever caused by the pathogens
52
How long must inflammation last to be considered chronic?
Lasting longer than 2 weeks
53
What are the 3 most important things to remember about Adaptive Immunity that separates it from all other divisions of the immune system?
Memory (of antigen)
Specificity
Antibodies
54
In regards to immunity what does active mean?
Acquired, activate T and B cells, produce memory
55
In regards to immunity what does passive mean?
Just straight antibodies, do not activate T and B cells, no memory
56
In regards to immunity what does natural mean?
Get exposed naturally through the environment
57
In regards to immunity what does artificial mean?
Get exposed through injections
58
Natural passive
Getting just antibodies through a natural means, to fetus through the placenta, to a newborn through breastmilk
59
Artificial passive
Take antibodies and inject into someone, ebola now, rabies, anti-venoms
60
Natural active
Environmental exposed, activate T and B cells, produce memory
61
Artificial active
Injection exposure, activate T and B cells, produce memory, true vaccinations
62
What are antigens?
Foreign or nonself particles/ proteins
63
What are antibodies?
Proteins produced by immune system to fight antigens, produced by plasma (B) cells
64
What is an epitote?
Region on antigen that is recognized, part of antigen we use for recognition and binding
65
What is tolerance in reference to immunity?
Us not killing our own cells, learned in the thymus, lose tolerance and get autoimmunity
66
What do cytotoxic cells target?
Virus infected cells, cancer (tumor cells)
| Like natural killer cells but very specific
67
Where are T and B cells produced? Where do they mature?
T and B cells are produced in bone marrow
B cells mature in bone marrow
T cells mature in thymus
68
What activates B and T cells
CD4 (helper T's) or APCs
69
When a B cell is activated what cells are produced?
```
Memory cell
Plasma cell (secrete specific antibodies to antigen)
```
70
When a T cell is activated what cells are produced?
Memory cell
Cytotoxic T cells (poke holes and cause lysis by perferins)
Helper T cells (stimulate other T or B cells)
Suppressory T cells (turn down immune response, take out of it)
71
What is clonal diversity?
Come from same place, produce immunocompetent T and B cells with different receptors
72
What is clonal selection?
When we are exposed to antigen, specific cell is selected
73
What is MHC and what do they do?
Major Histocompatibility Complex, recognize self vs nonself, flagpoles to present cell
74
What are CD8 cells?
Cytotoxic cells, cancer, virally infected cells, look for self cells,
75
What class of MHC do CD8 bind with?
```
CD8 binds with MHC class 1
Nucleated cells, basically everything except RBCs
```
76
What are CD4 cells?
Helper T cells, communicate with APCs and dedritic cells
77
What class of MHC do CD4 bind with?
CD4 binds with MHC class 2
78
What does CD mean?
Cluster of differentiation
| Aids in the function of the immune cells
79
What are the 5 antibodies we discussed?
```
IgG
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgE
```
80
What is the most abundant antibody?
IgG
81
What is the first antibody produced?
IgM
82
What antibody is associated with allergic responses?
IgE
83
IgG
Most abundant, transported across the placenta (natural passive), last in blood a while
84
IgM
Largest, first produced antibody, clinically indicative antibody for current infections
85
IgA
Secretions (tears, saliva, breast milk
86
IgE
Allergic responses, parasite infections, stimulates mast cell degeneration (inflammation)
87
What are the direct functional effects of antibodies?
Neutralization (of antigen, bind and deactivate)
Agglutination (form clumps for immune system to find easier)
Percipitation (fall out of solution)
88
What are the indirect functional effects of antibodies?
Opsonization (tag for destruction)
| Complement (activated, assist innate and adaptive)
89
What is active immunity?
Antibodies or T cells produced after either a natural exposure to an antigen or after immunization
90
What is passive immunity?
Preformed Ab or T lymphocytes are transerred from a donor to a recipient
91
What antibody is most significant in passive immunity of the fetus?
IgG, can cross placenta
92
What antibody is most significant in passive immunity of a new born and most significant in protection from UTIs?
IgA, secretions
93
What are Type 1 hypersensitivities?
```
Anaphylaxis/ Allergy
Ab= IgE
Cells involved= mast cells
Time after 1st exposure= immediate, 15-30 min post exposure
Examples= allergic asthma, hay fever
```
94
What are Type 2 hypersensitivities?
```
Cytotoxic
Ab= IgM, IgG
Cells involved= phagocytes
Time after 1st exposure= hours, days
Examples= graves disease, RA, erythroblastosis, good pasture syndrome
```
95
What are Type 3 hypersensitivities?
Complex Mediated
Ab= any (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE)
Cells involved= phagocytes (neutros, macros)
Time after 1st exposure= days to months
Examples= systemic lupus, erythematosus, farmers lung, serum sickness
96
What are Type 4 hypersensitivities?
```
Delayed
Ab= none
Cells involved= cytotoxic T cells
Time after 1st exposure= years
Examples= poison ivy, celiac, latex sensitivity
```
97
Exotoxin (Bacterial Infection)
Protrin released during bacterial growth, specific effects, immunogenic antibodies
98
Endotoxin (Bacterial Infection)
Contained within the cell walls of gram negative bacteria, lysis/ destruction.
99
Bacteremia- Septicemia
Presence of bacteria in the blood, usually gram negative bacteria, septic shock caused by endotoxins
100
Viral Infection
Obligate intracellular parasites: dependent on host cell, no metabolism, permissive host cell, usually a self-limiting infection (spread cell to cell)
101
Why are viral infections hard to treat?
They use our systems so to attack and kill them we are killing out own cells
102
Why are fungal infections hard to treat?
They are the closest and have the most similarities to humans
103
What is released under times of infection, disease, or any physiologic stress?
Cortisol is released from the adrenal gland (adrenal cortex)
