Cardio Phys (exam 3) Flashcards
What is the pericardium?
Serous membrane surrounding heart
Parietal (hug cavity) and visceral (hug organ) layer
Pericardial cavity and fluid
What is the myocardium?
Middle & thickest layer of the heart
Contracts
What is the endocardium?
Inner wall of the heart
Endothelial lining of the heart chambers
What kind of blood does the right atrium hold?
Deoxygenated
What kind of blood does the eft atrium hold?
Oxygenated
What kind of blood does the right ventricle hold?
Deoxygenated
What kind of blood does the left ventricle hold?
Oxygenated
Which ventricle creates the highest pressure? Why?
Left ventricle
Extra myocarium to push blood to all tissues of the body
What side of the heart is pulmonary circulation?
Right side
Deoxy blood
What side of the heart is systemic circulation?
Left side
Oxy blood
What are the atrioventricular valves?
Tricuspid
Bicuspid (mitral)
What are the semilunar valves?
Pulmonary valve
Aortic valve
Where is the tricuspid valve?
Between right atrium and right ventricle
Where is the bicuspid (mitral) valve?
Between the left atrium and left ventricle
Where is the pulmonary valve?
Between right ventricle and lungs
Where is the aortic valve?
Between the left ventricle and aorta
When are the AV valves open? Closed?
Closed in ventricle contraction (systole)
Open in ventricle relaxation (diastole)
When are the semilunar valves open? Closed?
Open in ventricle contraction (systole)
Closed in ventricle relaxation (diastole)
Blood Flow in the Body
Superior Vena Cave/ Inferior Vena Cava drain to Right atrium through Tricuspid Valve to Right Ventricle through Pulmonary semilunar valve to Pulmonary trunk to Pulmonary arteries to Lungs to Pulmonary veins to Left atrium through Bicuspid (mitral) valve to Left ventricle through Aortic semilunar valve to Aorta to body
Where does the superior vena cava (SVC) and inferior vena cava (IVC) go? What type of blood do they carry?
Drain into right atrium
Deoxy blood
Where does the pulmonary trunk go to? Then to? What type of blood is carried?
Trunk to pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary arteries to lungs
Deoxy blood (only deoxy arteries in body)
Where do the pulmonary veins go? What type of blood do they carry?
Into left atrium Oxy blood (only oxy veins in body)
Where does the aorta come from? Go to? What type of blood do they carry?
Out of left ventricle
To all tissues of the body
Oxy blood
What is systole? What is open? Closed?
Contraction (ventricle)
Semilunars are open
AV valves closed
What is diastole? What is open? Closed?
Relaxation (ventricle)
AV valves open
Semilunars are closed
What about atrial systole and atrial diastole?
Opposite from ventricle systole and diastole
Atrial systole during ventricle diastole
Atrial diastole during ventricle systole
What is cardiac circulation?
Heart’s blood supply
Left & Right Coronary Arteries
What does the left coronary artery branch into?
Left Anterior Descending (LAD)/ Anterior Interventricular: “widow maker”- blockage leads to sudden and severe myocardial infarction
Circumflex artery
What does the right coronary artery branch into?
Right Marginal
Posterior Descending Artery (PDA)/ Posterior Interventricular
Where do the coronary veins drain into? Where is it?
Coronary Sinus
Sits behind right atrium- dumps deoxy blood back into right atrium
What is the conduction system?
Electrical pathway to tell the heart muscles to contract
What is the order of impulses in the conduction system?
SA node AV node AV bundle Bundle branches Purkinje fibers
What is the “pacemaker” of the heart? Why?
SA node
It generates an automatic rhythm
Starts the action potential that travels across the atria and down
Atria then contract
Describe the AV node role in the conduction system
Receives the action potential and holds onto and delays it for moment
Full contraction of atria in top-down motion
Full pumping into ventricles
Describe the AV bundle role in the conduction system
Speeds up conduction now down interventricular septum
Describe the Bundle branches role in the conduction system
Splits into 2 branches (left & right) down intervent
Septum to apex
Describe the Perkinje fibers role in the conduction system
Travel up the walls of ventricles to innervate myocardium
Ventricular contraction in a bottom-up motion
Full pumping out of ventricles, out of the heart
What does an electrocardiogram (EKG/ ECG) measure?
Measures electricity of the heart
NOT heartbeat
What are the parts of an EKG or ECG? What do they represent?
P wave: atrial depo
QRS complex: ventricle depo & atrial repo
T wave: ventricle repo
What is the flat segment between P & Q on an EKG (ECG)?
Atrial contraction
What is the flat segment between S & T on an EKG (ECG)?
Ventricle contraction
What are the heart sounds and what do they represent?
S1: “lub”, AV valves closing, ventricles start to contract
S2: “dub”, semilunar valves closing, ventricles relax
How does the Brain innervate cardiac?
Sympathetic nerves: increase heart rate (norepi, epi), increase BP Parasympathetic nerves (Vagus nerve): decrease heart rate (AcH)
What vessels have the greatest velocity of blood?
Arteries
What vessels have the highest pressure?
Ateries
What vessels have the greatest resistance? Why?
Arterioles
Due to push of narrower vessel walls on blood flow
Resistance leads to many pathos
What vessels have the lowest resistance? What does it allow for?
Capillaries
Allows for fluid, gas, nutrient exchange with tissues
What do the venules do?
Drain out of capillaries
What vessels have the lowest pressure?
Veins
What is the lumen of a vessel?
Open center of the tube
What is the Tunica Intima of a vessel?
Endothelium
Smooth epithelial lining for good blood flow
Must keep intact or Pathos!
What does the Tunica Intima add to the veins?
Added valves made from the endothelium
Prevents back flow
Ensure 1-way flow back to heart
Aided with skeletal muscle contractions and respiration to move deoxy blood back to heart
What is the Tunica Media of a vessel? What does it do? What is different about the artery tunica media?
Smooth muscle= vasoconstriction & vasodilation
Arteries have thicker muscle and have added elastic layers due to high pressure
What is the tunica externa of a vessel?
Adventitia
Outer connective tissue of vessel
What is blood pressure (BP)?
Force of blood on vessel walls
Resistance= blood vessel walls’ push back on blood
How do we measure BP (formula)?
BP= CO x PR
= cardiac output x peripheral resistance
What is the cardiac output? How do we calculate it?
The amount of blood pumped out of the heart per minutes
CO= HR x SV
= heart rate x stroke volume
What is the stroke volume?
Amount of blood pumped per beat (mL/ beat)
What affects the cardiac output?
Preload: how much did ventricle fill= stretch
Afterload: pressure needed to eject this blood out of heart, myocardial contractility= heart muscles ability to contract, more contractility= more force of contraction= increase BP
How do we control BP?
Nervous system measures with baro’s (pressure) and chemo’s (CO2) to modify cardiac function and BP
Vasodilation & vasoconstriction of vessels
What factors affect blood flow?
velocity of blood= speed
Laminar flow= from smooth, dilated vessels, good straight flow
Tubular flow= from constriction that causes turbulence in blood flow, pushes against endothelium (may cause damage)
Vascular compliance: vessel’s ability to stretch
Is S1 related to systole or diastole? What is open? Closed?
S1 is systole
Semilunars are open
AVs are closed
Is S2 related to systole or diastole? what is open? Closed?
S2 is diastole
Semis closed
AVs open
