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Patho > Cardio Phys (exam 3) > Flashcards

Cardio Phys (exam 3) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Serous membrane surrounding heart
Parietal (hug cavity) and visceral (hug organ) layer
Pericardial cavity and fluid

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2
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Middle & thickest layer of the heart

Contracts

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3
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

Inner wall of the heart

Endothelial lining of the heart chambers

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4
Q

What kind of blood does the right atrium hold?

A

Deoxygenated

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5
Q

What kind of blood does the eft atrium hold?

A

Oxygenated

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6
Q

What kind of blood does the right ventricle hold?

A

Deoxygenated

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7
Q

What kind of blood does the left ventricle hold?

A

Oxygenated

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8
Q

Which ventricle creates the highest pressure? Why?

A

Left ventricle

Extra myocarium to push blood to all tissues of the body

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9
Q

What side of the heart is pulmonary circulation?

A

Right side

Deoxy blood

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10
Q

What side of the heart is systemic circulation?

A

Left side

Oxy blood

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11
Q

What are the atrioventricular valves?

A

Tricuspid

Bicuspid (mitral)

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12
Q

What are the semilunar valves?

A

Pulmonary valve

Aortic valve

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13
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve?

A

Between right atrium and right ventricle

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14
Q

Where is the bicuspid (mitral) valve?

A

Between the left atrium and left ventricle

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15
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve?

A

Between right ventricle and lungs

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16
Q

Where is the aortic valve?

A

Between the left ventricle and aorta

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17
Q

When are the AV valves open? Closed?

A

Closed in ventricle contraction (systole)

Open in ventricle relaxation (diastole)

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18
Q

When are the semilunar valves open? Closed?

A

Open in ventricle contraction (systole)

Closed in ventricle relaxation (diastole)

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19
Q

Blood Flow in the Body

A 
Superior Vena Cave/ Inferior Vena Cava drain to
Right atrium through 
Tricuspid Valve to
Right Ventricle through
Pulmonary semilunar valve to 
Pulmonary trunk to 
Pulmonary arteries to 
Lungs to 
Pulmonary veins to 
Left atrium through
Bicuspid (mitral) valve to 
Left ventricle through
Aortic semilunar valve to 
Aorta to body
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20
Q

Where does the superior vena cava (SVC) and inferior vena cava (IVC) go? What type of blood do they carry?

A

Drain into right atrium

Deoxy blood

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21
Q

Where does the pulmonary trunk go to? Then to? What type of blood is carried?

A

Trunk to pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary arteries to lungs
Deoxy blood (only deoxy arteries in body)

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22
Q

Where do the pulmonary veins go? What type of blood do they carry?

A 
Into left atrium
Oxy blood (only oxy veins in body)
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23
Q

Where does the aorta come from? Go to? What type of blood do they carry?

A

Out of left ventricle
To all tissues of the body
Oxy blood

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24
Q

What is systole? What is open? Closed?

A

Contraction (ventricle)
Semilunars are open
AV valves closed

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25
What is diastole? What is open? Closed?
Relaxation (ventricle) AV valves open Semilunars are closed
26
What about atrial systole and atrial diastole?
Opposite from ventricle systole and diastole Atrial systole during ventricle diastole Atrial diastole during ventricle systole
27
What is cardiac circulation?
Heart's blood supply | Left & Right Coronary Arteries
28
What does the left coronary artery branch into?
Left Anterior Descending (LAD)/ Anterior Interventricular: "widow maker"- blockage leads to sudden and severe myocardial infarction Circumflex artery
29
What does the right coronary artery branch into?
Right Marginal | Posterior Descending Artery (PDA)/ Posterior Interventricular
30
Where do the coronary veins drain into? Where is it?
Coronary Sinus | Sits behind right atrium- dumps deoxy blood back into right atrium
31
What is the conduction system?
Electrical pathway to tell the heart muscles to contract
32
What is the order of impulses in the conduction system?
``` SA node AV node AV bundle Bundle branches Purkinje fibers ```
33
What is the "pacemaker" of the heart? Why?
SA node It generates an automatic rhythm Starts the action potential that travels across the atria and down Atria then contract
34
Describe the AV node role in the conduction system
Receives the action potential and holds onto and delays it for moment Full contraction of atria in top-down motion Full pumping into ventricles
35
Describe the AV bundle role in the conduction system
Speeds up conduction now down interventricular septum
36
Describe the Bundle branches role in the conduction system
Splits into 2 branches (left & right) down intervent | Septum to apex
37
Describe the Perkinje fibers role in the conduction system
Travel up the walls of ventricles to innervate myocardium Ventricular contraction in a bottom-up motion Full pumping out of ventricles, out of the heart
38
What does an electrocardiogram (EKG/ ECG) measure?
Measures electricity of the heart | NOT heartbeat
39
What are the parts of an EKG or ECG? What do they represent?
P wave: atrial depo QRS complex: ventricle depo & atrial repo T wave: ventricle repo
40
What is the flat segment between P & Q on an EKG (ECG)?
Atrial contraction
41
What is the flat segment between S & T on an EKG (ECG)?
Ventricle contraction
42
What are the heart sounds and what do they represent?
S1: "lub", AV valves closing, ventricles start to contract S2: "dub", semilunar valves closing, ventricles relax
43
How does the Brain innervate cardiac?
``` Sympathetic nerves: increase heart rate (norepi, epi), increase BP Parasympathetic nerves (Vagus nerve): decrease heart rate (AcH) ```
44
What vessels have the greatest velocity of blood?
Arteries
45
What vessels have the highest pressure?
Ateries
46
What vessels have the greatest resistance? Why?
Arterioles Due to push of narrower vessel walls on blood flow Resistance leads to many pathos
47
What vessels have the lowest resistance? What does it allow for?
Capillaries | Allows for fluid, gas, nutrient exchange with tissues
48
What do the venules do?
Drain out of capillaries
49
What vessels have the lowest pressure?
Veins
50
What is the lumen of a vessel?
Open center of the tube
51
What is the Tunica Intima of a vessel?
Endothelium Smooth epithelial lining for good blood flow Must keep intact or Pathos!
52
What does the Tunica Intima add to the veins?
Added valves made from the endothelium Prevents back flow Ensure 1-way flow back to heart Aided with skeletal muscle contractions and respiration to move deoxy blood back to heart
53
What is the Tunica Media of a vessel? What does it do? What is different about the artery tunica media?
Smooth muscle= vasoconstriction & vasodilation | Arteries have thicker muscle and have added elastic layers due to high pressure
54
What is the tunica externa of a vessel?
Adventitia | Outer connective tissue of vessel
55
What is blood pressure (BP)?
Force of blood on vessel walls | Resistance= blood vessel walls' push back on blood
56
How do we measure BP (formula)?
BP= CO x PR | = cardiac output x peripheral resistance
57
What is the cardiac output? How do we calculate it?
The amount of blood pumped out of the heart per minutes CO= HR x SV = heart rate x stroke volume
58
What is the stroke volume?
Amount of blood pumped per beat (mL/ beat)
59
What affects the cardiac output?
Preload: how much did ventricle fill= stretch Afterload: pressure needed to eject this blood out of heart, myocardial contractility= heart muscles ability to contract, more contractility= more force of contraction= increase BP
60
How do we control BP?
Nervous system measures with baro's (pressure) and chemo's (CO2) to modify cardiac function and BP Vasodilation & vasoconstriction of vessels
61
What factors affect blood flow?
velocity of blood= speed Laminar flow= from smooth, dilated vessels, good straight flow Tubular flow= from constriction that causes turbulence in blood flow, pushes against endothelium (may cause damage) Vascular compliance: vessel's ability to stretch
62
Is S1 related to systole or diastole? What is open? Closed?
S1 is systole Semilunars are open AVs are closed
63
Is S2 related to systole or diastole? what is open? Closed?
S2 is diastole Semis closed AVs open

Patho (17 decks)

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