Musculoskeletal (exam 2)

Question 1

Fracture

Answer 1

Break in the continuity of a bone

Question 2

Greenstick fracture

Answer 2

Outer bone break, inner layer doesn’t

Question 3

Torus fracture

Answer 3

Compression cause bowing break, not all the way through

Question 4

Bowing fracture

Answer 4

Bends but doesn’t break

Question 5

Callus formation steps

Answer 5

Fracture hematoma
Forms blood clot
Replaced by fibroblasts, lay down colagen
Pro callus: osteoblast formation, lay down bone, true callus
Remodeled by osteoblasts & phagocytes, to make normal and healthy

Question 6

Dislocation

Answer 6

Temporary displacement of 2 bones, loss of contact between articular cartilage

Question 7

Subluxation

Answer 7

Contact between articular surfaces is only partially lost

Question 8

What do tendons connect?

Answer 8

Connect muscle to bone

Question 9

What do ligaments connect?

Answer 9

Connect bone to bone

Question 10

Strain

Answer 10

Connective tissue injury

Tear or injury to a tendon or muscle

Question 11

Sprain

Answer 11

Connective tissue injury

Tear or injury to a ligament

Question 12

Avulsion

Answer 12

Connective tissue injury

Complete separation of a tendon or ligament from its bony attachment site

Question 13

Muscle strain

Answer 13

Sudden, forced motion causing the muscle to become stretched beyond its normal capacity

Question 14

Tendinitis

Answer 14

Inflammation of a tendon

Question 15

Tendinosis

Answer 15

Painful degradation of collagen fibers, exaggerated/ prolonged tendinitis

Question 16

Bursitis

Answer 16

Inflammation of a bursa (extra pillows outside synovial joints)

Question 17

Epicondylitis

Answer 17

Inflammation of a tendon where it attaches to the bone

Question 18

What are the 2 major forms of epicondylitis

Answer 18

Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis, tennis backhand)
Golfers elbow (medial epicondylitis, golf swing)

Question 19

Rhabdomyolysis (myoglobinuria)

Answer 19

Life-threatening complication of severe muscle trauma with muscle cell loss
Skeletal muscle breaking open

Question 20

Crush syndrome

Answer 20

Rhabdomyolysis, crushing type trauma

Question 21

Compartment syndrome

Answer 21

Rhabdomyolysis, blood supply pressure issue

Type of: Volkmann ischemic contracture

Question 22

Osteoporosis

Answer 22

Porous bone
Hormone imbalance
Post-menopausal women are more at risk
Over activity of osteoclasts (bone destroying)

Question 23

Osteopenia

Answer 23

Start to lose bone density, but not at osteoporosis yet

Question 24

What are the normal curvature names?

Answer 24

Kyphotic (primary curvatures)

Lordotic (secondary curvatures)

Question 25

Iatrogenic osteoporosis

Answer 25

From meds or treatment

Question 26

Regional osteoporosis

Answer 26

Rare, usually systematic

Question 27

Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis

Answer 27

Steroid induced | Most common iatrogenic osteoporosis

Question 28

Kyphosis

Answer 28

Hunchback | Over curvature of thoracic vertebrae

Question 29

Lordosis

Answer 29

Sway back/ saddle back | Over curvature of cervical or lumbar vertebrae

Question 30

Osteomalacia

Answer 30

Deficiency of vitamin D lowers calcium absorption from intestines Soft bone

Question 31

Osteomyelitis

Answer 31

Most often caused by staphylococcal infection Most often from open wound (exogenous) Bone infection

Question 32

Osteoarthritis

Answer 32

Noninflammatory Degeneration and loss of articular cartilage (bone on bone rubbing) Degenerative joint disease Primary disease is idiopathic (don't know cause) Often isolated to one side

Question 33

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Answer 33

``` Inflammatory joint disease Systemic autoimmune Infectious or noninfectious (genetics, environment) Antibodies against our antibodies Usually symmetrical ```

Question 34

Ankylosing Spondylitis

Answer 34

Inflammatory joint disease (often spine) | Due to inflammation, joint goes under repair, stiffens and fusing of joints and bone

Question 35

Gout

Answer 35

Metabolic disorder Uric acid production or excretion problem Uric acid concentration increases and crystallizes (gouty arthritis)

Question 36

Gouty arthritis

Answer 36

Inflammation in the joints | When uric acid crystallizes in the joints

Question 37

Contracture

Answer 37

Skeletal muscle disorder | No AP but muscle is contracting

Question 38

Disuse atrophy

Answer 38

Not using the muscle, muscle shrinks, reversible

Question 39

Fibromyalgia

Answer 39

Pain disorder | Pain weakness and pain

Question 40

Toxic myopathies

Answer 40

Myopathy: muscle disease or damage Toxins in body damage muscles causing toxic myopathies Most common cause: alcohol abuse Drugs can also cause

Question 41

Osteosarcoma

Answer 41

Most common bone cancer