Musculoskeletal (exam 2) Flashcards
Fracture
Break in the continuity of a bone
Greenstick fracture
Outer bone break, inner layer doesn’t
Torus fracture
Compression cause bowing break, not all the way through
Bowing fracture
Bends but doesn’t break
Callus formation steps
Fracture hematoma
Forms blood clot
Replaced by fibroblasts, lay down colagen
Pro callus: osteoblast formation, lay down bone, true callus
Remodeled by osteoblasts & phagocytes, to make normal and healthy
Dislocation
Temporary displacement of 2 bones, loss of contact between articular cartilage
Subluxation
Contact between articular surfaces is only partially lost
What do tendons connect?
Connect muscle to bone
What do ligaments connect?
Connect bone to bone
Strain
Connective tissue injury
Tear or injury to a tendon or muscle
Sprain
Connective tissue injury
Tear or injury to a ligament
Avulsion
Connective tissue injury
Complete separation of a tendon or ligament from its bony attachment site
Muscle strain
Sudden, forced motion causing the muscle to become stretched beyond its normal capacity
Tendinitis
Inflammation of a tendon
Tendinosis
Painful degradation of collagen fibers, exaggerated/ prolonged tendinitis
Bursitis
Inflammation of a bursa (extra pillows outside synovial joints)
Epicondylitis
Inflammation of a tendon where it attaches to the bone
What are the 2 major forms of epicondylitis
Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis, tennis backhand) Golfers elbow (medial epicondylitis, golf swing)
Rhabdomyolysis (myoglobinuria)
Life-threatening complication of severe muscle trauma with muscle cell loss
Skeletal muscle breaking open
Crush syndrome
Rhabdomyolysis, crushing type trauma
Compartment syndrome
Rhabdomyolysis, blood supply pressure issue
Type of: Volkmann ischemic contracture
Osteoporosis
Porous bone
Hormone imbalance
Post-menopausal women are more at risk
Over activity of osteoclasts (bone destroying)
Osteopenia
Start to lose bone density, but not at osteoporosis yet
What are the normal curvature names?
Kyphotic (primary curvatures)
Lordotic (secondary curvatures)
Iatrogenic osteoporosis
From meds or treatment
Regional osteoporosis
Rare, usually systematic
Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis
Steroid induced
Most common iatrogenic osteoporosis
Kyphosis
Hunchback
Over curvature of thoracic vertebrae
Lordosis
Sway back/ saddle back
Over curvature of cervical or lumbar vertebrae
Osteomalacia
Deficiency of vitamin D lowers calcium absorption from intestines
Soft bone
Osteomyelitis
Most often caused by staphylococcal infection
Most often from open wound (exogenous)
Bone infection
Osteoarthritis
Noninflammatory
Degeneration and loss of articular cartilage (bone on bone rubbing)
Degenerative joint disease
Primary disease is idiopathic (don’t know cause)
Often isolated to one side
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Inflammatory joint disease Systemic autoimmune Infectious or noninfectious (genetics, environment) Antibodies against our antibodies Usually symmetrical
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Inflammatory joint disease (often spine)
Due to inflammation, joint goes under repair, stiffens and fusing of joints and bone
Gout
Metabolic disorder
Uric acid production or excretion problem
Uric acid concentration increases and crystallizes (gouty arthritis)
Gouty arthritis
Inflammation in the joints
When uric acid crystallizes in the joints
Contracture
Skeletal muscle disorder
No AP but muscle is contracting
Disuse atrophy
Not using the muscle, muscle shrinks, reversible
Fibromyalgia
Pain disorder
Pain weakness and pain
Toxic myopathies
Myopathy: muscle disease or damage
Toxins in body damage muscles causing toxic myopathies
Most common cause: alcohol abuse
Drugs can also cause
Osteosarcoma
Most common bone cancer
