Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Patho > Hematology (exam 4) > Flashcards

Hematology (exam 4) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the chief functions of blood?

A

Delivery of substances needed for cellular metabolism
Removal of wastes
Defense against microorganisms and injury
Maintenance of acid-base balance (buffer system= bicarb_

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What makes up the composition of blood?

How much of the blood does each make up?

A 
Plasma (~55%)
Formed elements (Cells= RBC, WBC, platelets, ~45%)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What makes up the blood plasma?

How much of the blood plasma does each make up?

A

Water (~90%)

Solutes (organic and inorganic/ proteins and electrolytes, ~10%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the plasma proteins?
What do they do?
Which is the most abundant?
Where are they made?

A

Albumin: most abundant, carriers of calcium, control the plasma oncotic pressure (pull fluid into capillaries), ~58%
Globulins: carrier proteins and immunoglobins (antibodies), ~38%
Clotting factors: mainly fibrinogen, ~4%
All made in the liver except the immunoglobins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the formed elements (cells)?

Which is the most abundant?

A

Erythrocytes: red blood cells, most abundant
Leukocytes: white blood cells, least abundant
Thrombocytes: platelets, middle amount

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are erythrocytes?
What do they do?
What characteristics do they have?
How long do they live?

A

Red blood cells, floating packets of hemoglobin
Most abundant cell in the body
Biconcavity and reversible deformity (moldable, high surface area)
120 day life cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are leukocytes?
What do they do?
What types are there?

A

White blood cells
Defend the body against infection and remove debris
Granulocytes (basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils)
Agranulocytes (T & B cells, natural killers, monos/ macros

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do basophils do?

A

Induce inflammation= histamine
Basophils in blood
Mast cells in tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

Regulate inflammation= histaminase

Immmune fighting in parasitic infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

1st responders

Phagocytes in early inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do monos/ macros do?

A

Make up the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)

Ingest and digest (destroy) microorganisms and foreign material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the lymphocytes?

A

T & B cells

Natural killer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What characteristics do T & B cells have?

A

Specific

Memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do natural killer cells attack?

A

Viral and cancer cells

non-specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are thrombocytes?
What is their shape?
What do they do?
What regulates them?

A

Platelets
Disk-shaped cytoplasmic fragments
Essential for blood coagulation and control of bleeding
Regulated by thrombopoietin (TPO): released by liver, stimulate platelet production after blood loss, trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the spleen?

What does the spleen do?

A

Largest secondary lymphoid organ
Filters the blood
Masses of lymphoid tissue containing macros, T & B cells
Phagocytosis of old, damage, dead blood cells
Blood storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are lymph nodes?
What systems are they a part of?
What do they do?
How many vessels in? out? why?

A

Lymphoid organ
Part of the immune and hematologic systems
Facilitates maturation of lymphocytes
Transports lymphatic fluid back into circulation
Cleanses the lymphatic fluid of microbes and foreign particles
Multiple vessels in, 1-2 out to ensure filtration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the MPS?
What makes it up?
Where does it work?

A

Mononuclear Phagocyte System
Mons/ macros
Ingest and destroy microbes and foreign material
Mostly the liver and spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is hematopoiesis?
How many stages are there?
What are the types?

A

The process of blood cell production in the bone marrow (myeloid tissue), red produce blood cells, yellow= fat
2 stages: mitosis, maturation and differentiation
Erythropoiesis, Leukopoeisis, Thrombopoeisis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is erythropoiesis?
What is the stimuli for it?
How does it work?

A

Making red blood cells (floating packets of hemoglobin)
Stimulated by hypoxia which stimulates EPO
Erythroblasts have a nuclei and go through steps that gradually increase the amount of hemoglobin and decrease the nucleus size to form erythrocytes
Erythropoietin (EPO) is produced and secreted by the liver to stimulate maturation of RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where is erythropoietin produced?

A

Peritubular cells of the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is hemoglobin?

What are its subunits?

A

Oxygen-carrying protein of the erythrocyte

2 alpha, 2 beta (protein subunits) containing an iron heme which binds to oxygen, causing red color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the nutritional requirements for hemoglobin?

A

Proteins/ amino acids
Vitamins: B12 and folic acid for the lifespan of the RBC
Iron: to build heme, carry oxygen
Folate (folic acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the destruction of erythrocytes called?
What destroys them?
Where are they destroyed
How are they destroyed?

A

Senescent
Macros of the MPS destroy them
Destroyed primarily in spleen, liver if spleen doesn’t work
Globins are broken down to amino acids
Porphyrins are broken down to bilirubin which is secreted as bile or the yellow pigment in urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is leukopoeisis? What do the cells arise from? Where does maturation occur?
Producing white blood cells (leukocytes) Arise from stem cells in the bone marrow Granulocytes (basos, eos, neutros) mature in bone marrow Agranulocytes (T & B cells) must exit blood and be activated to mature Agranulocytes (monos) are activated when they leave the blood to macros
26
What is thrombopoeisis? How does it work? What regulates levels? What is the lifespan?
Producing platelets Endomitosis is the process where a megakaryocyte undergoes nuclear phase of cell division but the cell does not divide DNA continues doubling, expanding the cell Cell explodes into cytoplasmic fragments (platelets) Maintained by thrombopoietin (TPO) Lifespan is 10 days
27
What is hemostasis? | What does it require?
To arrest or stop bleeding | Requires: platelets, clotting factors, blood flow, endothelial cells, fibrinolysis (break apart and dissolve a clot
28
What are the steps of hemostasis?
Vascular spasm/ vasoconstriction: spasms in response to injury, induce vasoconstriction Platelet plug formation: expose colagen so steps start= activation, adhesion, activation, aggregation, secretion Coagulation/ formation of the fibrin clot: classical pathway of coagulation
29
What is the vascular spasm/ vasoconstriction phase of hemostasis?
1st step Spasms in response to injury, induce vasoconstriction Cause endothelial damage and colagen exposure
30
What is the platelet plug formation phase of hemostasis
expose colagen so: Activation: due to calcium Adhesion: of platelets due to the von Willebrand factor (vWF) Activation: due to calcium, chemotaxis for more platelets Aggregation: of platelets to form a temporary clot Secretion: of calcium, histamine, seratonin, epinephrine, factors that increase or quicken coagulation
31
What are the 4 most important players in the Classical Pathway of Coagulation?
Prothrombin Thrombin Fibrinogen Fibrin
32
What is the Classical Pathway of Coagulation
Xa Prothrombin------> Thrombin Fibrinogen----------------> Fibrin (the thing above arrow induces the next thing)
33
What is the extrinsic pathway of the classical pathway of coagulation? What stimulates is?
Activated when tissue factor (TF) is released by damaged endothelial cells From trauma/ damage to vessel from outside Can stimulate the intrinsic pathway and usually does TF VII------->VIIa X------->Xa Prothrombin-------> Thrombin Fibrinogen---------------> Fibrin (what is over the arrow is induces the next thing)
34
What is the intrinsic pathway of the classical pathway of coagulation? What stimulates it?
Activated when factor XII contacts subendothelial substances (collagen) ecposed by vascular injury Damage from inside (inflammation, HTN, athero) exposed collagen XII----------------------------->XIIa XI------->XIa IX----->IXa VIII------->VIIIa X-------->Xa Prothrombin---->Thrombin Fibrinogen----------> Fibrin (what is above the arrow induces the next thing)
35
What is clot retraction?
Fibrin strands shorten and become denser to pull wounds/ tissue together to facillitate repair
36
What are the causes of thrombosis? Virchow's Triad?
Changes in blood vessel wall (endothelial damage) Changes in blood flow (usually decrease or blockage) Changes in blood composition (increase viscosity, dehydration--> blood thicker, overproduction
37
What is fibrinolysis? What activates it? What are the end products?
Lysis of blood clots Plasminogen and plasmin start actively degrading a clot Products are D-dimers, little snippets, leftover waste
38
What does -cytosis mean? | Pathologies?
Increase cell count Erythrocytosis (polychthemia): increase RBC count Leukocytosis: increase WBC count Thrombocytosis: increase platelet count, could lead to hypercoaguability
39
What does -cytopenia mean? | Pathologies?
Decrease cell count Erythrocytopenia: decrease RBC count, anemia Leukocytopenia: decrease WBC count, pathologic Thrombocytopenia: decrease platelets, risk of hemorrhaging and bleeding out
40
What is anemia? | What is used to classify anemias?
Low red blood cell count or functioning size= cytic (macrocytic, normocytic, microcytic) hemoglobin content= chromic (normochromic, hypochromic)
41
What are the physiologic manifestations of anemia? | Symptoms of anemias?
Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity, leads to hypoxia | Fatigue, weakness, dyspnea, pallor
42
What is koilonychia?
Spoon shape of nails Bend of nail beds Hypochromic anemias typically Not enough oxygen causes it
43
What Macrocytic- Normochromic anemias? | What are the types?
``` Large size red blood cells, normal hemoglobin content Megablastic anemia (pernicious anemias and folate deficiency anemias) ```
44
What are pernicious anemias? What is the cause? How is it treated? Distinct symptoms?
Macrocytic-Normochromic anemia Caused by a lack of intrinsic factor, which is produced in the stomach and binds to B12 to be absorbed by the liver Results in a deficiency in B12 Treated with B12 orally (if not intrinsic factor problem), B12 injections Decreased neurologic functioning
45
What are the folate deficiency anemia? What is the cause? How is it treated?
Macrocytic-Normochromic anemia Caused from a folate deficiency in the diet Treated with a daily dose of folate orally
46
What are the microcytic-hypochromic anermias? | What are the types?
Small red blood cells, reduced hemoglobin content Iron deficiency anemia Sideroblastic anemia Thalassemia
47
What is an iron deficiency anemia? What is the cause? Distinct symptoms?
``` Microcytic-hypochromic anemia Most common type of anemia worldwide Nutritional iron deficiency Spoon shaped nails (koilonychia) Red, sore, painful tongue (strawberry tongue) ```
48
What is sideroblastic anemia?
Microcytic-hypochromic anemia | Altered mitochondrial metabolism causing bad iron uptake, therfore dysfunctional hemoglobin synthesis
49
What is thalassemia?
Microcytic-hypochromic anemia Inherited anemia, genetic disorder Autosomal recessive trait Originated in the Mediterranean region
50
What are normocytic-normochromic anemias? | What are the types?
``` Normal size and hemoglobin content, not enough cells or not functioning right though Aplastic anemia Posthemorrhagic anemia Hemolytic anemia Sickle cell anemia Anemia of chronic inflammation ```
51
What is aplastic anemia? | Types?
Normocytic-normochromic anemia Not making enough RBCs Pancytopenia: all blood cells are decreased in number, bone marrow issue Pure red cell aplasia: not enough RBCs
52
What is posthemorrhagic anemia?
Normocytic-normochromic anemia | Caused by acute blood loss
53
What is hemolytic anemia? | Types:
Normocytic-normochromic anemia Accelerated destruction of RBCs (spleen or liver dysfunction) Breaking open Autoimmune hemolytic anemias: increase bilirubin in blood= JAUNDICE
54
What is sickle cell anemia?
``` Normocytic-normochromic anemia Autosomal recessive disorder RBC has a "sickle" shape Most often in times of ypoxia Bad gas exchange, sickle cells get stuck ```
55
What is anemia of chronic inflammation?
Normocytic-normochromic anemia | Mild to moderate anemia seen in: AIDS, RA, lupus erythematosus, hepatitis, renal failure, malignancies
56
What is polycythemia? | Types?
To many red blood cells Relative polycythemia Absolute polycythemia
57
What is relative polycythemia? Causes?
Result of dehydration | Fluid loss results in relative increases of RBC counts
58
What is absolute polycythemia? | Causes?
Abnormality of stem cells in the bone marrow (increase in RBC production), Polycythemia vera (PV) Increase in EPO in reponse to chronic hypoxia or inappropriate response to EPO-secreting tumores, can lead to increased coagulation Treatment= blood donation
59
What is leukocytosis? | Pathologic or Physiologic?
To many WBCs | Physiologic: normal protective response to stressors
60
What is leukopenia? | Pathologic or Physiologic?
Low WBC count Not normal, not beneficial Pathologic: predisposes a patient to infections Immunosuppressed patients
61
What is infectious mononucleosis?
Infection of B lymphocytes Transmitted by saliva Commonly cause by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), ~85% of cases Symptom= speen enlargement (spleenomegaly)
62
What is the most common anemia?
Iron deficiency anemia
63
What is leukemia? Types? Precursors?
Cancers of excessive leukemic cells in the marrow Types: Acute leukemia (undifferentiated or immature cells), Chronic leukemia (cells is mature, don't function normally Precursors: Lymphocytic (lymphoblastic)- precursor lymphocytes (T & B cells, NK cells), myelogenous (bone marrow)- precursor RBCs, platelets, granulocytes
64
What are the 4 types of leukemias?
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL): mostly kids Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML): philadelphia chromosome translocation issue during mitosis or miosis Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): mostly adults
65
What is lymphadenopathy? Types? Indicative of?
Enlarged lymph nodes Local lymphadenopathy: drainage of an inflammatory lesion located near the enlarged lymph nodes Chronic lymphadenopathy: occurs in the presence of malignant or nonmalignant disease Prolonged lymphadenopathy indicative of lymphomas
66
What are lymphomas? | Types? Key characteristics?
Malignant transformation of lymphocytes (T & B cells into cancer cells) Hodgkin lymphoma: Reed-Sternber (RS) cells (1 nuclei, owl like face) Non-Hodgkin lymphomas: B-cell neoplasms, T & NK cell neoplasms
67
What is Burkitt's lymphomas? Arise from? Most common where?
Lymphomas that arise from EBV or HIV Lesions of submandibular lymph nodes South Africa, 3rd world areas
68
What is the largest protein molecule in the blood?
Albumin
69
What is the most common cause of hypocalcemia?
Hypoalbuminemia | From liver disease or failure
70
What is thrombocytopenia?
Low platelet count
71
What is thrombocythemia?
High platelet count | Increase clots
72
What does a von Willebrand factor deficiency do?
Platelets can't stick together | Decrease coagulation
73
What does a vitamin K deficiency do?
Decrease coagulation
74
What affect does liver disease have on coagulation?
Liver makes ALL plasma proteins so wide range of effects
75
What is PTT? | What pathway does it affect?
Partial Thromboplastin Time | Measures Intrinsic pathway
76
What is PT? | What pathway does it affect?
Prothrombin time | Measures Extrinsic pathway
77
What is hemophilia A?
Intrinsic pathway issue Deficiency in clotting factor VIII Males affected more, genetic disorder (recessive X linked)
78
What is hemophilia B?
Intrinsic pathway issue Deficiency in clotting factor IX Called Christmas disease Males more affected, genetic disorder (recessive X linked)
79
What is disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
Death is coming Clotting and hemorrhage simultaneously Most often from sepsis or trauma Hemorrhage because you have used all your coagulating factors

Patho (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions