Altered Cellular, Tissue Bio, Oncology (exam 1)

Question 1

Atrophy

Answer 1

Decrease or shrinkage in cellular size

Lack of use, function

Question 2

Hypertrophy

Answer 2

Increase in the size of cells

Overwork, overload

Question 3

Hyperplasia

Answer 3

Increase in # of cells
Increase rate of cell division
Result from injury

Question 4

Metaplasia

Answer 4

Reversible replacement in one mature cell type by another

Prolonged injury or stress

Question 5

Dysplasia

Answer 5

Abnormal changes in size, shape and organization of mature cells
Permanent change
Crazy cells
Can be pre-cancerous

Question 6

Hypoxia

Answer 6

Lack of sufficient oxygen

Comes from lack of blood supply (typically ischemia)

Question 7

-Trophy

Answer 7

Think size

Question 8

-Plasia

Answer 8

Think # and type

Question 9

BPD

Answer 9

Broncho Pulminary Dysplasia
Usually comes from over oxygenation
Starts in newborns, or any time of life
Lifelong disease

Question 10

Adaptation

Answer 10

Reversible, structural or functional response

Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia

Question 11

Active Cell Injury

Answer 11

Immediate response of the entire cell

Reversible, Irreversible (point of no return), Necrosis (cell death)

Question 12

Apoptosis

Answer 12

Programmed cell death

Self destruct

Question 13

Necrosis

Answer 13

Cell damage and death due to lack of oxygen or nutrients

Question 14

Bcl- 2 Gene

Answer 14

Apoptotic gene

Disrupt, knock out gene, it could lead to cancer

Question 15

Tumor supressor genes

Answer 15

Checkpoint to cell cycle
Knock them out, can’t check cell division or stop it
Knock them out, could lead to cancer

Question 16

Proto Oncogenes

Answer 16

Normal form
Turn on cell division
Knock them out, could lead to cancer

Question 17

Oncogenes

Answer 17

Abnormal form of proto oncogene
Cell division is stuck on
Can lead to cancer

Question 18

Cancer

Answer 18

Uncontrolled cell growth

Question 19

Tumor/ Neoplasm

Answer 19

Abnormal new growth of new cells

Question 20

Benign

Answer 20

Encapsulated, haven’t invaded, easily removed, somewhat differentiated

Question 21

Malignant

Answer 21

Escape capsule, invading, differentiated beyond recognition, metastatic

Question 22

Metastisis

Answer 22

Distance, spread, typically through lymph

Diagnostic criteria for benign or malignant

Question 23

Invasion

Answer 23

Has it invaded basement membrane or surrounding tissue

Diagnostic criteria for benign or malignant

Question 24

Parenchyma

Answer 24

Tumor cells

Constituted from the clonal neoplastic cells

Question 25

Stroma

Answer 25

Supporting tissue around tumor | Part of the capsule surrounding

Question 26

Carcinomas

Answer 26

Malignant tumors | From Germ layer origin

Question 27

Sarcomas

Answer 27

Malignant tumors | From mesenchymal tissue (bone, blood, muscle)

Question 28

Teratomas

Answer 28

Typically benign Pull out tumor and cut it open and typically find things Differentiate inside and grow

Question 29

TMN Staging

Answer 29

``` T= tumor, size and location N= nodes, how many and where M= metastasis, suspected or known ```

Question 30

What are the 6 hallmarks of cancer?

Answer 30

Self- sufficiency in growth signals (oncogene activation) Insensitivity to antigrowth signals (tumor suppressors off) Evading apoptosis (no apooptotic genes) Limitless replicative potential (grow forever) Sustained angiogenesis (grow own blood vessel supply) Tissue invasion and metastasis

Question 31

What are types of oncogenes?

Answer 31

RAS | MYC

Question 32

What are types of tumor suppressor genes?

Answer 32

P53 | Rb

Question 33

Angiogenesis

Answer 33

Tumor grows own blood supply to it | Endless supply of nutrients

Question 34

Telomeres

Answer 34

Normal ends of DNA, run out of telomeres, induce apoptosis | Cancerous cells continuously add telomeres

Question 35

Cancer Manifestations

Answer 35

Fatigue, cachexia (shrinking and wasting), anemia (low RBC), leukopenia (low white count)/ thrombocytopenia (low platelets), pain, infection

Question 36

What is the highest Cancer Incidence in males? Females?

Answer 36

``` Male= prostate Female= breast ```

Question 37

What is the highest percentage of cancer death in males? female?

Answer 37

Both= lung