Cardio Path (exam 3) Flashcards
What are varicose veins? Cause?
Vein in which blood has pooled
Distended, painful and palpable veins
Caused by trauma or gradual venous distention
What is chronic venous insufficiency? What does it cause?
Longstanding inadequate vein return
Prolonged varicose veins can lead to it
Can cause venous stasis ulcers
What is deep venous thrombosis? Where is it most often? What are the risk factors (Virchow’s triad)?
Forming clot in veins
Most often in legs
Venous stasis (pool blood), Venous endothelial damage, Hypercoaguable states (to much clotting)
What is a thrombus?
Blood clot
What is a thromboembolus?
Blood clot that is dislodged and moving
What is thrombophlebitis?
Inflammation of vessel walls that could lead to a clot
What is an arterial thrombi? What can is lead to? What is the most likely cause?
Thrombi in a coronary or cerebral artery
Lead to CVA or MI
coronary artery–> ischemia–> hypoxia–> necrosis–> MI
Most likely due to atherosclerosis
What is a venous thrombi most likely to cause?
A pulmonary emboli
What is an emboli?
Bolus of matter (air, fat, plaque, tumor, infection, etc.) circulating in bloodstream
What is an aneurysm? What vessels are more likely to have them? Who is more likely to have one?
Distention or out pushing of vessel wall
Arterial vessels more likely
People with hypertension more likely
What is primary hypertension?
Essential or idiopathic hypertension (other names)
No exact cause
Most common form
What is secondary hypertension?
Caused by a systemic disease
Comes from a patho
What is isolated systolic hypertension?
Elevations of systolic pressure
Something going on with heart contraction and left ventricle force
What is complicated hypertension?
Chronic hypertensive damage to systemic blood vessels
hardening and thickening of walls
Clots possible
What is malignant hypertension?
Rapidly progressive, spontaneous, diastolic pressure usually >140mm/Hg
What is orthostatic (postural) hypotension?
BP is fine laying down
Both BP #s decrease upon standing
What is peripheral artery disease (PAD)?
Obstruction (occlusion) or narrowing (stenosis) of peripheral vessels
Hardening/ thickening of vessel walls in peripheral arteries
What is arteriosclerosis?
PAD
Thick and hardening of arteries (umbrella)
Smooth muscle cells and collagen fibers migrate to tunica intima
Decrease in lumen size distensibility (lose elasticity)
What is atherosclerosis?
Thickening and hardening of arteries due to fatty plaque buildups
Type of arteriosclerosis
Most common cause of arteriosclerosis
Leading cause of CAD and MI
What is thromboangiitis obliterans? What is an example of this disease?
Immune disorder, over inflammation that hardens and thickens walls (not due to fatty plaque)
Beurger disease
What is the atherosclerosis progression?
- Endothelial inflammation and damage (due to HTN, dislipodemia, smoking, virus attack, immune dysfunction, LDL penetration)
- LDL penetration and oxidation
- Monocyte activation/ macrophage migration (macros eat but can’t digest so)
- Cellular proliferation (macros become foam cells, chemotaxis of macros, get more foam cells)
- Fatty streak development
- Fatty plaque development
- Complicated plaque formation (plaque & clot formation, primary cause of heart attack when in coronary arteries)
What is coronary artery disease (CAD)? What is the most common cause?
Occlusion and stenosis of coronary arteries
Most common cause is atherosclerosis
What is the most common symptom of coronary ischemia?
Angina (chest pain)
What is myocardial ischemia?
Lack of blood
Reversible if remove bloackage
