Cardio Path (exam 3) Flashcards
What are varicose veins? Cause?
Vein in which blood has pooled
Distended, painful and palpable veins
Caused by trauma or gradual venous distention
What is chronic venous insufficiency? What does it cause?
Longstanding inadequate vein return
Prolonged varicose veins can lead to it
Can cause venous stasis ulcers
What is deep venous thrombosis? Where is it most often? What are the risk factors (Virchow’s triad)?
Forming clot in veins
Most often in legs
Venous stasis (pool blood), Venous endothelial damage, Hypercoaguable states (to much clotting)
What is a thrombus?
Blood clot
What is a thromboembolus?
Blood clot that is dislodged and moving
What is thrombophlebitis?
Inflammation of vessel walls that could lead to a clot
What is an arterial thrombi? What can is lead to? What is the most likely cause?
Thrombi in a coronary or cerebral artery
Lead to CVA or MI
coronary artery–> ischemia–> hypoxia–> necrosis–> MI
Most likely due to atherosclerosis
What is a venous thrombi most likely to cause?
A pulmonary emboli
What is an emboli?
Bolus of matter (air, fat, plaque, tumor, infection, etc.) circulating in bloodstream
What is an aneurysm? What vessels are more likely to have them? Who is more likely to have one?
Distention or out pushing of vessel wall
Arterial vessels more likely
People with hypertension more likely
What is primary hypertension?
Essential or idiopathic hypertension (other names)
No exact cause
Most common form
What is secondary hypertension?
Caused by a systemic disease
Comes from a patho
What is isolated systolic hypertension?
Elevations of systolic pressure
Something going on with heart contraction and left ventricle force
What is complicated hypertension?
Chronic hypertensive damage to systemic blood vessels
hardening and thickening of walls
Clots possible
What is malignant hypertension?
Rapidly progressive, spontaneous, diastolic pressure usually >140mm/Hg
What is orthostatic (postural) hypotension?
BP is fine laying down
Both BP #s decrease upon standing
What is peripheral artery disease (PAD)?
Obstruction (occlusion) or narrowing (stenosis) of peripheral vessels
Hardening/ thickening of vessel walls in peripheral arteries
What is arteriosclerosis?
PAD
Thick and hardening of arteries (umbrella)
Smooth muscle cells and collagen fibers migrate to tunica intima
Decrease in lumen size distensibility (lose elasticity)
What is atherosclerosis?
Thickening and hardening of arteries due to fatty plaque buildups
Type of arteriosclerosis
Most common cause of arteriosclerosis
Leading cause of CAD and MI
What is thromboangiitis obliterans? What is an example of this disease?
Immune disorder, over inflammation that hardens and thickens walls (not due to fatty plaque)
Beurger disease
What is the atherosclerosis progression?
- Endothelial inflammation and damage (due to HTN, dislipodemia, smoking, virus attack, immune dysfunction, LDL penetration)
- LDL penetration and oxidation
- Monocyte activation/ macrophage migration (macros eat but can’t digest so)
- Cellular proliferation (macros become foam cells, chemotaxis of macros, get more foam cells)
- Fatty streak development
- Fatty plaque development
- Complicated plaque formation (plaque & clot formation, primary cause of heart attack when in coronary arteries)
What is coronary artery disease (CAD)? What is the most common cause?
Occlusion and stenosis of coronary arteries
Most common cause is atherosclerosis
What is the most common symptom of coronary ischemia?
Angina (chest pain)
What is myocardial ischemia?
Lack of blood
Reversible if remove bloackage
What is myocardial infarction? What are the types?
Permanent myocardial muscle necrosis from ischemia
STEMI: ST segment elevation of EKG, ischemia happening now
Non-STEMI: ST segment not elevated, past ischemia
What is stable angina?
Best to have
Known cause, comes and goes with cause
What is unstable angina?
Occur at any time, often at rest, no indicator cause
What is prinzmetal angina?
Coronary spasms
What is silent ischemia?
Asymptomatic
What is transient ischemia?
Temporary blockage, comes and goes
What is sustained ischemia?
Deadly, prolonged blood blockage
What is angioplasty?
Ballooning to widen the lumen of occluded vessel
Compresses plaque to wall
Can also place a stent to hold vessel open longer term
What is coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)?
Bypass surgery
Connecting new blood supply to areas suffering ischemia
What is pericarditis? What is it due to?
Inflammation of pericardium
Usually due to infection
What is constrictive pericarditis?
Inflammation of pericardium that squeezes heart b
What is pericardial effusion? What is a symptom of it?
Increase/ accumulation of pericardial fluid in sac
Symptom= tamponade
What is dilated cardiomyopathy? What is a specific type of it?
Muscle ballooning out
Congestive cardiomyopathy: not food constriction, can’t pump out blood
What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Due to muscles becoming hypertrophied due to working to hard (HTN)
What is restrictive cardiomyopathy?
Pericardium causes restriction of heart muscle
What is valvular stenosis?
Opening is to narrow for good blood flow
What is valvular regurgitation? Where is it most common?
Valve prolapse, valves don’t close right, get backflow
Most common in mitral valve prolapse
What is rheumatic heart disease?
Autoimmune disease from previous strep throat infection that produces antibodies that attack heart valves
What are dysrhythmias?
Changes to heart rhythm
What is tachycardia?
Fast heart beat
What is a flutter?
Quick quiver
Good blood flow
What is fibrillation?
Muscles quiver
No good blood flow
What is bradycardia?
Slow, depressed heart beat
What is premature ventricular contraction (PVC)?
ventricle contracts while it is filling
Decrease blood delivery to body
From hyperkalemia
What is premature atrial contraction (PAC)?
atrial contract while it is filling
Decrease blood delivery to body
From hyperkalemia
What is asystole?
Missed/ skipped beat
What is left sided heart failure?
Not able to pump blood to systemic tissues
Most often from systemic HTN- can’t force blood out- ventricular hypertrophy/ less volume for pumping
Blood backs up into lungs if can’t be pumped out (pulmonary HTN, pulmonary edema)
What is right sided heart failure?
Not able to pump blood to lungs
Mostly due to pulmonary HTN- can’t force blood out- hypertrophy- less volume
Blood backs up in veins if can’t pump out
Most often caused by left sided heart failure
What is high output failure?
Cardiac output and stroke volume are good, tissues are not getting nutrients though
Heart is working well and not the problem
Brain thinks heart is the problem, tells to work harder
Hyptertrophy of heart
Heart failure
What is shock?
Response and loss of function in tissue cells after what comes from cardiovascular disease to get good oxygen or glucose
What is cardiogenic shock?
Heart is at fault at not delivering
What is Hypovolemic shock?
Low blood volume
What is neurogenic shock?
Brain is at fault
What is anaphylactic shock?
Allergy hypersensitivity cause
What is septic shock?
Infection in blood is the cause
What is Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS)?
Dysfunction of 2 or more organ systems
Most often caused by septic shock
