Personality_Dispositional Domain Flashcards
2 Ways of Trait Study
- Traits are the cause of behavior
- Descriptive summary of individuals’ habits
Traits Identification: 3 Approaches
- Lexical Approach
- Statistical Approach
- Theoretical Approach
Lexical Approach
Individual differences manifest in vocabularies in each culture
Statistical Approach
- Organize the groups of vocabularies/items
- Factor analysis: EFA/CFA
- Factor loading (how much variation of the item could be explained by the factor)
Theoretical Approach
E.g. Sociosexual orientation
Taxonomies of Personality
- Eysenck’s Hierarchical Model of Personality
- Cattell’s Taxonomy: The 16 Personality Factor System
- Circumplex Taxonomies of Personality:
- The Wiggins Circumplex
- Five-Factor Model: starting from lexical approach
- HEXACO
Eysenck’s Hierarchical Model of
Personality
- Extraversion-Introversion (E)
- Neuroticism-Emotional Stability (N)
- Psychoticism (P)
Hierarchical Structure of Eysenck’s System
- Super traits (P, E, N) at the top
- Narrower traits at the second level
- Habitual acts: Subsumed by each
narrower trait is the third level
Wiggins Circumplex
Interpersonal interaction / social
exchange
- Love/warmth
- Status/dominance
Five-Factor Model
- Extraversion
- Agreeableness
- Conscientiousness
- Neuroticism
- Openness/Intellect
Extraversion
- Warmth
- Gregariousness
- Assertiveness
- Activity
- Excitement-seeking
- Positive Emotions
Neuroticism
- Anxiety
- Angry hostility
- Self-consciousness
- Impulsiveness
- Depression
- Vulnerability
Agreeableness
- Trust
- Straightforwardness
- Altruism
- Compliance
- Modesty
- Tender-Mindedness
Conscientiousness
- Competence
- Order
- Dutifulness
- Achievement Striving
- Self-Discipline
- Deliberation
Openness-to-Experience
- Fantasy
- Aesthetics
- Feelings
- Actions
- Ideas
- Values
Other Traits
- Masculinity/femininity
- Religiosity or spirituality
- Attractiveness
- Sexuality
Big 5 & Good Grades
- High conscientiousness
- High emotional stability
Big 5 & Risky Sexual Behaviors
- High neuroticism
- Low conscientiousness
Big 5 & Alcohol consumption
- High extraversion
- Low conscientiousness
Big 5 & Mount Everest Mountain Climbers
-High extraversion
-High emotional stability
-High psychoticism
Big 5 & Happiness and Experiencing Positive Affect in Everyday Life
-High extraversion
-Low neuroticism
Big 5 & Leadership Effectiveness in Business Settings
- High extraversion
- High agreeableness
- High conscientiousness
- High emotional stability
Personality Change Over Time
- Personality Development
- Stability
- Change
- Coherence
Personality Development
Continuities, consistencies, stabilities in people over time, and the ways in which people change over time
3 Key Forms of Stability
- Rank order stability
- Mean level stability
- Personality coherence
Rank Order Stability
Maintenance of an individual position’s within group
Mean Level Stability
Constancy of level in population
Personality Coherence
Maintaining rank order relative to others but changing in the manifestations of trait
Personality Stability Over Time
- Average correlations across traits, scales, and time intervals is about +.65
Consistency over time
- Personality rooted in biological basis is difficult to change
- E.g. extraversion, sensation seeking, activity level, shyness - Attitudes, interests, opinion could
be changed more easily
Personality Stability Over Time: Big 5
- Consistent mean level stability over time esp. after 50 years old
- Small but consistent changes
- Openness, extraversion, and neuroticism decline until 50
- Conscientiousness and agreeableness gradually increase over time
Personality Change: Self-esteem
Changes in Self-Esteem from
Adolescence to Adulthood
- Transition from early adolescence to early adulthood appears to be harder on women than on men, in terms of the criterion of self-esteem
Self-esteem Variability
- Magnitude of short-term changes in ongoing self-esteem
- An indicator of vulnerability to stressful life events
Personality Change: Flexibility & Impulsivity
When the age increases, impulsivity and flexibility decrease
- More fixed in ways
Personality Change: Ambition
In 20s, Ambition is highly decreased in first 8 years
- Continue to decrease in 12 years later
- See the world as it is
Personality Change: Autonomy, Dominance, Leadership, & Achievement
Increase over time
Sensation Seeking
- Thrill and adventure seeking
- Experience seeking
- Disinhibition
- Boredom susceptibility
Personality Change: Sensation Seeking
- Increases with age from childhood to adolescence
- Peaks in late adolescence, around ages 18–20
- Falls more or less continuously with age after the 20s
Personality Change: Femininity
Consistent drop in femininity from the early 40s to early 50s
- Menopause or estrogen decrease
Personality Change: Competence
Women: A sharp increase whether with or without children
Men: Constant
Cohort Effects
Personality change over time due to different periods of time that individuals exist
Personality Coherence Over Time
Changes in manifestation of the personality over time
- However, the trait inside is still
the same e.g. aggressiveness trait
3 Traits Predict Marital Dissatisfaction & Divorce
- Husband’s neuroticism
- Husband’s impulsivity
- Wife’s Neuroticism
Alcoholism & Emotional Disturbance
Males with high neuroticism
Dropping Out
High impulsivity
Prediction of Personality Change
Marriage
- HIGHLY SIMILAR -> personality stability
- LEAST SIMILAR -> personality change
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
- Extraversion-Introversion
- Sensing-Intuition
- Thinking-Feeling
- Judging-Perceiving
DISC
- People-Task Orientation
- Outgoing-Reserved
1. Dominance
2. Influence
3. Steadiness
4. Conscientiousness
