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Social Psychology > Lecture_11_Prejudice > Flashcards

Lecture_11_Prejudice Flashcards

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1
Q

Prejudice

A

A hostile or negative attitude toward people in a distinguishable group based solely on their membership in that group

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2
Q

3 Components of Prejudice

A
  • Cognitive: Stereotypes
  • Affective: Emotions
  • Behavioral: Discrimination
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3
Q

Cognitive Component of Prejudice: Stereotype

A

A belief about the personal attributes of a group of people. Stereotypes are sometimes overgeneralized, inaccurate, and resistant to new information (and sometimes accurate)

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4
Q

Stereotyping

A

– A cognitive process
– Can be positive or negative
– Technique we use to simplify our world
- “Cognitive misers” take shortcuts and adopt rules of thumb to understand people
– Better memory for information consistent with stereotypes
- Denies individuality of person

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5
Q

Adaptive Stereotypes

A

When accurately identifies attributes of a group well

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6
Q

Maladaptive Stereotypes

A

Blinds us to individual differences

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7
Q

Stereotypes of Gender

A
  • Hostile sexism
  • Benevolent sexism
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8
Q

Hostile Sexism

A

Stereotypical views of women that suggest that women are inferior to men
- E.g., that they are less intelligent, less competent, and so on

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9
Q

Benevolent Sexism

A

Stereotypical, positive views of women

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10
Q

Ambivalent Sexism

A

Gender attitudes frequently mix a benevolent sexism (“Women have a superior moral sensibility”) with hostile sexism.

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11
Q

Negative Outcome of Hostile Sexism

A

Increase gender inequality

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12
Q

Negative Outcomes of Benevolent Sexism

A

Discouraging the hiring of women in traditionally male-dominated occupations

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13
Q

Emotion Component of Prejudice

A
  • Negative emotions about groups are often ingrained/firmly fixed.
  • This makes such attitudes difficult to dispel
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14
Q

Behavioral Component of Prejudice: Discrimination

A

An unjustified negative or harmful action toward the members of a group simply because of their membership in that group

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15
Q

Racial Discrimination

A

Social Distance
– A person’s reluctance to get “too close” to another group

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16
Q

Gender Discrimination

A

Occupations segregated by gender
– People form stereotypes about the requirements of such careers
▪ “Female” jobs: require kindness and nurturance
▪ “Male” jobs: require strength and smarts

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17
Q

The Activation of Prejudice

A

Behave more aggressively toward stereotyped target when:
– Stressed
– Angry
– Suffered a blow to self-esteem
– Not in control of conscious intentions

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18
Q

Suppressing Prejudices

A

People hide prejudice.
– When situation becomes “safe,” their prejudice will be revealed

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19
Q

Suppress prejudices for two reasons

A

– Sincere motivation to become less prejudiced
– Avoid being labeled a sexist, racist, etc.

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20
Q

Identifying Suppressed Prejudices

A
  1. Bogus pipeline
  2. Implicit Association Test (IAT)
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21
Q

Bogus pipeline

A
  • Participants believed a “lie detector” could detect true attitudes
  • More likely to express racist attitudes
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22
Q

Explicit Attitude Change

A

Education

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23
Q

Implicit Attitude Change

A
  • Implicit attitudes may linger
  • Changing only as we form new habits through practice
24
Q

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

A

Measures the speed with which people can pair
- a target face (e.g., Black or White, old or young, Asian or White)
- with positive or negative stimuli (e.g., the words honest or evil) reflecting unconscious (implicit) prejudices

25
Q

Limitation of IAT

A

IAT may be measuring bias OR…
– It measures a cultural bias or stereotype, not a personally held bias
– IAT could be due to common cultural associations, not prejudice

26
Q

The Effects of Prejudice on the Victim

A
  1. The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
  2. Social Identity Threat (or Stereotype Threat)
27
Q

Example of The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy in Prejudice

A
  1. White students displayed discomfort and lack of interest when interviewing African American candidates, not white (e.g., sat farther away, ended interview sooner)
  2. If a society believes that a particular group is stupid, uneducable, it will act in accordance with beliefs
    - Educational resources will not be provided to that group
28
Q

Social Identity Threat (or Stereotype Threat)

A

Experience of being at risk of confirming a negative stereotype about one’s social group
- Can negatively impact their performance

29
Q

Example of Social Identity Threat

A

Women are not as good at math as men
-> Anxiety
-> Reduced working memory

30
Q

Stereotype Threat Model

A
  1. Cultural stereotype ->
  2. Stereotype threat ->
  3. Performance deficits <->
  4. Disidentification with stereotyped domain
31
Q

Reversing the Effects of Stereotype Threat

A
  1. Alternative mindset:
    - “I’m a good student”
  2. Self-affirmation:
    - Practice of reminding yourself of your good qualities
32
Q

Causes of Prejudice

A
  1. Pressures to conform: Normative rules
  2. Social identity theory: Us versus them
  3. Realistic group conflict theory
33
Q

Pressures to Conform

A
  • Institutional discrimination
    Cause: Normative conformity
34
Q

Institutional discrimination

A

Practices that discriminate, legally or illegally, against a minority group by virtue

35
Q

Normative conformity

A

Strong tendency to go along with the group in order to fulfill the group’s expectations and gain acceptance

36
Q

Social Identity Theory

A

Self-concept that is based on his or her identification
- with a nation, religious or political group, occupation, or other social affiliation
- Part of our identity that stems from our membership in groups

37
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

The belief that your own culture, nation, or religion is superior to all others

38
Q

In-group Bias

A

The tendency to favor members of one’s own group and give them special preference over people who belong to other groups

39
Q

Motive of In-group Bias

A

– Individuals enhance self-esteem by identifying with specific social groups
– Self-esteem is enhanced only if the individual sees these groups as superior to other groups

40
Q

Out-Group Homogeneity

A
  • In-group members perceive out group members as being more similar (homogeneous) than they really are
  • Know one out-group member, you know something about all of them
  • “They” are all alike
41
Q

The Own-Race Bias

A

White subjects more accurately recognize the faces of whites than of blacks
- Vice versa

42
Q

Personal Identity and Social Identity Together Feed Self-esteem

A
  1. Individual achievement + self-serving bias -> Personal identity and pride -> Self-esteem
  2. Group achievement + Ingroup bias -> Self-esteem
43
Q

Passing on Prejudice to the Next Generation

A

Children often learn prejudice from parents and grandparents

44
Q

Blaming the Victim

A

The tendency to blame individuals (make dispositional attributions) for their victimization, is typically motivated by a desire to see the world as a fair place
- Serves a self-protective function
- “Can’t happen to me, wouldn’t behave that way”

45
Q

Scapegoating

A

When frustrated or unhappy, people tend to displace aggression onto groups that are disliked, visible, and relatively powerless
- Form of aggression dependent on what in-group approves of or allows

46
Q
  1. Realistic group conflict theory
A

Economic and Political Competition
– Limited resources leads to conflict among groups, which leads to prejudice and discrimination
– The theory that prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources

47
Q

When times are tough and resources are scarce…

A
  1. In-group members will feel more threatened by the out-group
  2. Incidents of prejudice, discrimination, and violence toward out-group members will increase
48
Q

Robbers Cave Experiment: Eagles versus Rattlers

A
  1. 2 groups of boy throughout the first week of the camp by doing various activities together
  2. 4 days of competitions -> group prejudice
  3. forcing the groups to work together to reach common goals -> eased prejudice and tension among the groups
49
Q

Social Inequalities: Unequal Status and Prejudice

A
  1. Social dominance orientation
  2. Authoritarian personality
50
Q

Social Dominance Orientation

A

“Status breeds prejudice”
A motivation to have one’s group dominate other social groups
- View people in terms of hierarchies
- To embrace prejudice and to support political positions that justify prejudice

51
Q

Authoritarian Personality

A

favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in status

52
Q

Reducing Prejudice

A

The Contact Hypothesis
- Mere contact between groups not sufficient to reduce prejudice
- Can create opportunities for conflict that may increase it
- Prejudice will decrease when two conditions are met:
* Equal status.
* Share a common goal

53
Q

Why does presenting people with information counter to stereotypes does not change beliefs

A
  • Strengthen stereotypes
  • Disconfirming evidence challenges them to come up with additional reasons
54
Q

When Contact Reduces Prejudice

A
  1. Mutual interdependence
  2. Common goal
  3. Equal status
  4. Friendly, informal setting
  5. Knowing multiple out-group members
  6. Social norms of equality
55
Q

Interdependence

A

The need to depend on each other to accomplish a goal that is important to
each group

56
Q

Discussion Question: How might college campuses combat the negative effects of stereotype threat on the academic performance of some students?

A

Stereotype threat + the contact hypothesis

Social Psychology (19 decks)

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