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Social Psychology > Personality_Biological Domain > Flashcards

Personality_Biological Domain Flashcards

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1
Q

Human Nature

A
  • The product of evolutionary process
  • Help human beings survival and maintain species
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2
Q

Examples of Evolutionary Analysis in the Level of Human Nature

A
  1. The Need to Belong
  2. Helping and Altruism
    - We help individuals who have more related genes to ours
    - E.g. relatives, siblings
  3. Universal Emotions
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3
Q

Sex Differences

A

Psychologists believe that if male and female had the same or similar adaptive problems, male and female would be the same or similar

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4
Q

Examples of sex differences due to
confronting with different adaptive
problems

A
  • Aggression
  • Jealousy
  • Desire for Sexual Variety
  • Mate Preferences
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5
Q

Genome

A
  • Total genes that organisms occupy
  • Comprises 30,000–80,000 genes on 23 pairs of chromosomes
  • Most genes are the same in every human beings
  • Some genes are different in each human beings
  • E.g genes for physical appearances, personality
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6
Q

Human Genome Project

A

To find the sequence of human DNA molecules

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7
Q

Behavioral geneticists try to…

A

Specify how much proportion of heredity and environment contributes to personality differences

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8
Q

Debated Issues in Human Genome

A
  • Ideological concerns
  • Eugenics
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9
Q

Heritability

A

The proportion of observable variances/differences (phenotype) that could be explained by genetic variances/differences (genotype)
- CANNOT be applied to single individual
- Is NOT constant or immutable
- Is NOT a precise statistic

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10
Q

Environmentality

A

species’ observable variances that could be explained by environment

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11
Q

Behavioral Genetics Methods

A
  • Selective Breeding—Studies of Humans’ Best Friend
  • Family Studies
  • Twin Studies
  • Adoption Studies
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12
Q

Selective Breeding

A
  • Can only occur if a desired trait is heritable
  • Selective breeding studies of dogs
  • Cannot be ethically conducted with humans
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13
Q

Family Studies

A
  • Find the correlations of family genes and personality traits
  • “If a trait is highly heritable, family members with greater genetic relatedness should be more similar to one another on the trait than family members who are less closely genetically related.”
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14
Q

Problem of Family Studies

A

Members of a family who share the same genes also usually share the same environment— confounds genetic with environmental influences.
- Thus, family studies are never definitive

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15
Q

Twin Studies

A

Estimates heritability by gauging whether
- Identical (monozygotic or MZ) twins, who share 100 percent
of genes, are more similar than
- Fraternal (dizygotic or DZ) twins, who share only 50 percent of genes

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16
Q

Evidence of Heritability

A

MZ twins are more similar than DZ twins

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17
Q

Calculating Heritability

A

There are many formulas
2 (rmz – rdz)
- Two times difference between correlation (“r”) for MZ twins and DZ twins

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18
Q

Two assumptions of the twins method

A
  • Equal environments assumption
  • Representativeness assumption
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19
Q

Representativeness Assumption

A
  • Twins are representative of the general population for a given trait of interest
  • Thus, this assumption holds that twins do not have different rates of psychopathology compared with non-twin (i.e., singleton) individuals
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20
Q

Adoption Studies

A
  1. Positive correlations on traits between adopted children and ADOPTIVE PARENTS provide evidence of environmental influence
  2. Positive correlations between adopted children and GENETIC PARENTS provide evidence of genetic influence
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21
Q

Pro of Adoption Studies

A

Equal environmental assumption

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22
Q

Con of Adoption Studies

A
  • Assumption that adopted children and their adoptive and genetic parents are representative of the general population is questionable
  • Selective placement of adopted children
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23
Q

Twins Reared Apart

A
  • Design that combines strengths of twin and adoption studies
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24
Q

Behavioral Genetic Research

A
  1. Personality Traits
  2. Attitudes and Preferences
  3. Drinking and Smoking
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25
Q

Personality Traits

A
  • Traits come from genes 20-45%
  • Big 5
26
Q

Sexual Orientation

A
  • Still being debated
  • Genes have moderate influence to childhood gender nonconformity (moderator) and to adult sexual orientation
  • Physiological influences of sexual orientation
27
Q

Attitudes and Preferences

A

Wide variance in heritability of attitudes
- Some attitudes (e.g., traditionalism) show high heritability (about .60)
- Whereas others show low or no heritability (e.g., beliefs in God)
- Still unclear why some attitudes have genetic influences

28
Q

Drinking and Smoking

A
  • Related to traits e.g., sensation seeking, extraversion, neuroticism
  • Drinking alcohol and smoking cigarettes are stable for a long time shows genetic-related
29
Q

Genes and the Environment: 2-Issued Consideration

A
  1. Genotype-Environment Interaction
  2. Genotype-Environment Correlation
30
Q

Genotype-Environment Interaction

A
  • DIFFERENT RESPONSE to the same environment due to different genes
  • E.g., Performance of introverts vs. extraverts in noisy environment
31
Q

Genotype-Environment Correlation

A

Different genetic individuals have DIFFERENT APPROACH to deal with stimuli/environment

32
Q

3 Types of Genotype-Environment Correlation

A
  1. Passive
  2. Reactive
  3. Active
33
Q

Genotype-Environment Correlation: Passive

A

Parents set genes and environment for their children
- E.g. Language ability and the numbers of the books in the house

34
Q

Genotype-Environment Correlation: Reactive

A

Different REACTIONS from parents or others due to children’s different genes or traits
- E.g., if the child is cute, others will pamper/love them

35
Q

Genotype-Environment Correlation: Active

A

Individuals who have some genes will SEEK the specific environments
- E.g. High sensation seekers will seek or search for the risky environments

36
Q

Molecular Genetics

A

Technique to find the relatedness of genes and traits

37
Q

Example of Molecular Genetics

A

E.g. D4DR gene located on the short arm of chromosome 11, codes
for dopamine receptor
- Find the correlations between
D4DR gene and “novelty seeking” trait.
- “Long repeat” D4DR -> higher novelty seeking
- “Short repeat” D4DR -> lower novelty seeking
* Some research found no correlations or low correlations

38
Q

Physiological Technique to Study Personality

A
  1. Electrodermal Activity; Skin Conductance
  2. Cardiovascular activity
  3. Brain Activity
  4. Biochemical analyses of blood and saliva
39
Q

Electrodermal Activity (EDA): Skin Conductance

A

Electrode or sensor attached to the skin
- Pro: Noninvasive, no discomfort
- Con: Movement constrained
- Electrodermal activity—sweating or skin conductance when there are emotional triggers

40
Q

Cardiovascular Activity

A
  • Blood pressure e.g. stress reactivity
  • Heart rate increased while anxiety, fear, arousal, cognitive effort
  • Cardiac reactivity—when doing activity e.g. backward serial subtraction
  • Related to Type A personality impatience, competitiveness, hostility
  • Cardiac reactivity and Type A related to coronary heart disease
41
Q

Brain Activity

A
  • Brain produces small amounts of electrical activity
  • Measured by electrodes on scalp electroencephalograph (EEG)
  • Evoked potential technique: EEG + stimulus -> assess specific brain response to stimulus
42
Q

Brain Imaging Techniques

A

Map structure and function of brain
- Positron emission tomography (PET)
- Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

43
Q

Physiologically Based Theories of Personality

A
  1. Extraversion-Introversion
  2. Sensitivity to Reward and Punishment
  3. Sensation Seeking
  4. Neurotransmitters and Personality
  5. Morningness-Eveningness
  6. Brain Asymmetry and Affective Style
44
Q

Extraversion-Introversion

A
  • Introverts has higher activity of ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
  • Individuals try to maintain ARAS activity at optimal level
  • Introverts reduce arousal
  • Extraverts seek arousal
45
Q

Sensitivity to Reward & Punishment

A

BIS/BAS

46
Q

Behavioral Activation System (BAS)

A
  • Responsive to incentives (cues to reward)
  • Regulates approach behavior
  • Active BAS produces impulsivity
47
Q

Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)

A
  • Responsive to cues to punishment, frustration, uncertainty
  • Motivates ceasing, inhibiting, or avoidance behavior
  • Active BIS produces anxiety,
48
Q

Impulsive

A
  • High extraversion,
  • Moderate neuroticism
49
Q

Anxious

A
  • Moderate introversion
  • High neuroticism
  • Do not learn well from punishment because of weak BIS
  • Learn better from reward
50
Q

Sensation Seeking

A

Tendency to seek out thrilling, exciting activities, take risks, avoid boredom

51
Q

Sensation Seeking: Early Sensory Deprivation Research

A
  • High sensation seekers are less tolerant of sensory deprivation
  • Require much stimulation to get
    to optimal level of arousal
  • Positive correlation between extraversion and sensation seeking
52
Q

Physiological Basis for Sensation Seeking

A

Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)
- Enzyme that maintains a proper level of neurotransmitters
- Low MAO ->
- High sensation seeking ->
- Producing a need for stimulation to reach the optimal level of arousal

53
Q

Dopamine

A

Pleasure

54
Q

Serotonin

A
  • Depression
  • Other mood disorders
55
Q

Norepinepherine

A

Fight or flight response

56
Q

Cloninger’s Tridimensional
Personality Model

A
  1. Novelty seeking: low levels of dopamine
  2. Harm avoidance: low levels of serotonin
  3. Reward dependence: low levels of norephinepherine
57
Q

Morning Person

A

Shorter circadian rhythms

58
Q

Evening Person

A

Longer circadian rhythms

59
Q

Brain Asymmetry and Affective Style

A
  • Dispositionally positive
  • Dispositionally negative
60
Q
A

Social Psychology (19 decks)

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