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Personality Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

3 Levels of Personality Analysis

A
  1. Human Nature
  2. Individual and Group Differences
  3. Individual Uniqueness
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2
Q

Human Nature

A

How we are “like all others”
- Traits and mechanisms of personality that are typical of our SPECIES and possessed by NEARLY EVERYONE

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3
Q

Individual Differences

A

How we are “like some others”
- EACH PERSON is like some other
people
- e.g., extraverts, sensations-
seekers, high self-esteem persons

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4
Q

Group Differences

A
  • The people of ONE GROUP differ from people in another group
  • e.g., cultural differences, age differences)
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5
Q

Individual Uniqueness

A

How we are “like no others”
- every individual has personal
and UNIQUE qualities not shared by
any other person in the world
- nomothetically or ideographically

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6
Q

Most current personality research
addresses…

A
  • Individuals and groups differences
  • Specialize in a particular domain, such as biological aspects of personality or how culture impacts personality
  • Not human universals
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7
Q

Nomothetic

A
  • Group differences
  • Need sample size
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8
Q

Idiographic

A

Case study research

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9
Q

Grand Theories of Personality

A

UNIVERSAL account of the FUNDAMENTAL psychological processes and characteristics of our species
- Psychoanalytic theory

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10
Q

Domains of Knowledge

A
  • Learning about specific and limited aspects of human nature
  • Reasonable, but we must strive to integrate diverse domains of knowledge to get the “big picture” of
    personality
  • Contrast to the grand theories of personality
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11
Q

Six Domains of Knowledge

A
  1. Dispositional
  2. Biological
  3. Intrapsychic
  4. Cognitive-Experimental
  5. Social and Cultural
  6. Adjustment
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12
Q

Dispositional Domain

A
  • Individual differs from one another
  • Across all other domains
  • Number and nature of fundamental dispositions
  • Identify and measure the most important individual difference
  • Origin and development of individual difference
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13
Q

Biological Domain

A
  • Humans are collections of
    biological systems, and these systems provide building blocks for behavior, thought, and emotion
  • Behavioral GENETIC of personality
  • PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY of personality
  • EVOLUTIONARY personality psychology
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14
Q

Intrapsychic Domain

A
  • Mental mechanisms of personality, many of which operate outside conscious awareness
  • UNCONSCIOUS
  • PSYCHOANALYSIS: repression,
    denial, projection, and motives for power, achievement, and affiliation
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15
Q

Cognitive-Experiential
Domain

A

Cognition & Subjective experience
- Conscious, Thoughts, Feelings, Beliefs, Desires about oneself and others
- Self and self-concept
- Goals
- Emotional experiences in general and over time

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16
Q

Social and Cultural Domain

A

Personality affects, and is affected by, cultural and social contexts
- Cultural differences or between groups (e.g., in social acceptability of aggression)
- individual differences within cultures
- sex differences and gender differences in personality processes
- Traits and mechanisms

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17
Q

Adjustment Domain

A
  • How we COPE, adapt, and adjust to events in daily life
  • health outcomes
  • problems in coping and adjustment
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18
Q

What is theory?

A

An integrated set of PRINCIPLES that
EXPLAIN and PREDICT observed events

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19
Q

What is hypothesis?

A

A TESTABLE PROPOSITION that describes a relationship that may exist between events.

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20
Q

Characteristics of a good theory

A
  1. Comprehensive
  2. Heuristic value
  3. Testability
  4. Parsimony
  5. Compatibility and integration across domains and levels
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21
Q

Two Ways of Trait Study

A
  1. Traits are the cause of behavior.
  2. Descriptive summary of individuals’ habits
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22
Q

Traits
Identification:
3 Approaches

A
  1. Lexical
  2. Statistical
  3. Theoretical
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23
Q

Lexical Approach

A

Individual differences manifest in
VOCABULARIES in each culture.

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24
Q

Statistical Approach

A
  1. Organize the groups of vocabularies/items
  2. Factor analysis
  3. Factor loading
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25
Q

Theoretical Approach

A

A theory that determines which variables are important

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26
Q

Sociosexual orientation

A

2 alternative sexual relationship strategies
- Single committed relationship
- Promiscuity

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27
Q

Eysenck’s Hierarchical Model of Personality

A

3 Levels
1. Super traits: Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism
2. Narrower traits
3. Habitual acts

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28
Q

Wiggins circumplex

A

Interpersonal traits
1. Love (Warm/Cold)
2. Status (Dominant/Submissive)
Interaction: Adjacency, Orthogonality, Bipolarity

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29
Q

Five-factor Model of Personality

A

Lexical + statistical approach
1. English dictionary
2. Stable traits
3. Clusters
4. Factor analysis

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30
Q

Personality Traits that fall outside of the Big-5

A

Conventionality, Seductiveness, Manipulativeness,
Thriftiness, Humorousness, Integrity, Femininity, Religiosity, Risk Taking, and Egotism

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31
Q

Personality Development

A

Stability and Change

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32
Q

Three Key Forms of Stability

A
  1. Rank order stability
  2. Mean level stability
  3. Personality coherence
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33
Q

Rank Order Stability/Change

A

Maintenance or failure of maintaining of individual position within a group (across time)

34
Q

Mean Level Stability/Change

A

The average level of traits in a group remains the same or change over time.

35
Q

Personality Coherence

A
  • Maintaining rank order in relation to other
    individuals
  • But changing the manifestations of the trait
  • e.g. aggression
36
Q

Personality Change

A
  1. Internal and not merely changes in the external surroundings
  2. Enduring over time, rather than being merely temporary
37
Q

Personality Stability Over Time (Correlation)

A
  • Average correlations across traits, scales, and time intervals is about +.65
38
Q

Consistency Over time

A
  • Personality rooted in biological basis is difficult to change e.g. extraversion, sensation seeking, activity level, shyness
  • Attitudes, interests, opinion could be changed more easily
39
Q

“Big five” Stability Over Time

A
  • A consistent mean level stability over time after 50 years old
  • Openness, extraversion, and neuroticism decline until 50
  • Conscientiousness and agreeableness gradually increase over time.
40
Q

Self-esteem Changes

A
  • Early adolescence to early adulthood: harder on women
41
Q

Self-esteem Variability

A
  • Magnitude of short-term changes
  • An indicator of vulnerability to stressful life events.
42
Q

Flexibility & Impulsivity

A

Decrease a long the age

43
Q

Ambition

A

Age 20 to 40
- Ambition is highly decreased in the first 8 years
- Continue to decrease in 12 years later

44
Q

Autonomy, Dominance, Leadership Motivation, & Achievement

A

Increase over time

45
Q

Sensation Seeking

A

Peaks: 18 to 20
1. Thrill and adventure seeking
2. Experience seeking
3. Disinhibition
4. Boredom susceptibility

46
Q

Femininity

A
  • Personality changes: 40 to 50
  • Consistent drop: 40 to 50
  • Menopause or estrogen decrease
47
Q

Competence

A

Women showed a sharp increase: 52
Men: stable

48
Q

Cohort effects

A

Personality change over time due to different periods of time that individuals exist

49
Q

Personality Coherence examples

A
  1. Marital Stability, Marital Satisfaction, and Divorce
  2. Alcoholism and Emotional Disturbance
  3. Education, Academic Achievement, and Dropping Out
50
Q

Prediction of Personality Change

A
  • Stability: Marrying the similar
  • Change: Marrying the different
51
Q

Psychoanalytic Approaches

A

Unconscious
Interaction between id, ego, and superego

52
Q

Id

A

Pleasure principle

53
Q

Ego

A

Reality principle

54
Q

Superego

A

Moral principle

55
Q

The process of psychoanalysis

A
  • Interpretations
  • Insight
  • Resistance
  • Transference
56
Q

Needs and Motives Model

A

Need + Press -> Motives -> Behaviors

57
Q

7 Types of Press

A
  • Lack of companionship
  • Family discord
  • Lack of variety
  • Betrayal of trust
  • Inconsistent disciple
  • Friendships
  • Confinement
58
Q

3 Types of Motive

A
  • Need for Achievement
  • Need for Power
  • Need for Intimacy
59
Q

Erickson’s 8 Stages of Development

A
  • Trust & Mistrust
  • Autonomy & Shame and Doubt
  • Initiative & Guilt
  • Industry & Inferiority
  • Identity & Role Confusion
  • Intimacy & Isolation
  • Generativity & Stagnation
  • Integrity & Despair
60
Q

Karen Horney’s Psychoanalysis

A
  • Social power
  • Culture
  • Fear of success
  • Gender differences
61
Q

Object Relations Theory

A

Developing relationships with significant external others, particularly parents

62
Q

Relationship style

A
  • Secure relationship style
  • Avoidant relationship style
  • Ambivalent relationship style
63
Q

Cognitive Approaches

A

Individual differences in cognitive processes

64
Q

3 Levels of Cognition

A
  1. Perception: organize information from sensory organs
  2. Interpretation: give meaning or describe the
    surrounding environment/events
  3. Beliefs and desires: standards and goals that individuals use to evaluate oneself and others
65
Q

Perception

A
  • Field-dependent: unable to see the trees in
    the forest
  • Field independent : able to see objects
    independent from the background
66
Q

Interpretation

A
  • Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory
  • Locus of Control
  • Learned Helplessness
67
Q

Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory

A

Constructs interpret and predict events
- e.g. Anxiety comes from inability to understand and predict an event

68
Q

Explanatory style

A
  • Optimistic: External, Unstable, Specific
  • Pessimistic: Internal, Stable, Global
69
Q

Emotion & Personality

A
  • Emotional states
  • Emotional traits
  • Happiness & life satisfaction
  • Positive illusions
70
Q

3 Components of Emotion

A
  • Subjective feelings or affects
  • Physical change esp. nervous system
  • Behavioral tendency
71
Q

Issues in Emotion Research

A
  1. Emotional States Vs. Emotional Traits
  2. Categorical approach Vs. Dimensional approach
    - Pleasant/Unpleasant
    - High Arousal/Low Arousal
  3. Content Vs. Style
72
Q

Does money make people happy?

A

At 7,000$ income and higher only 30% of people are very happy

73
Q

Personality & Well-being

A

Extraversion -> Positive Affects -> Well-being
Neuroticism -> Negative Affects -> Well-being

74
Q

Biology of Depression

A

Low level of Serotonin secretion

75
Q

Beck’s Cognitive Model of Depression

A

3 Dimensions
- The self
- The world
- One’s future
4 Contents
- Overgeneralizing
- Arbitrary inference
- Personalizing
- Catastrophizing

76
Q

Type A personality

A
  • Achievement strivings
  • Impatience
  • Competitiveness,
  • Hostility
77
Q

Style of Emotional Life

A
  • Affect intensity
  • Variability
78
Q

Shyness

A
  • When objective self-awareness become chronic
  • Evaluation apprehension
  • Social anxiety
  • Amygdala being sensitive to fear
79
Q

Defensive Pessimism

A

Expecting the failure so that when the failure happens, it will not add on the negative aspects to our own self

80
Q

DISC

A

2 Dimensions: Task-People Orientation and Outgoing- Reserved
- Dominance
- Influence
- Steadiness
- Conscientiousness

Social Psychology (12 decks)

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