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Social Psychology > Lecture 03 Social Cognition > Flashcards

Lecture 03 Social Cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

Social Cognition

A

How people THINK about themselves and the SOCIAL WORLD; specifically, how people select, interpret, remember, and use SOCIAL INFORMATION to make judgments and decision

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2
Q

Automatic / Top-down processes

A

“Theory-driven” filters and interprets new information in light of PREEXISTING KNOWLEDGE and EXPECTATIONS

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3
Q

Controlled / Bottom-up processes

A

“Data-driven” takes in and forms conclusions on the basis of the STIMULI ENCOUNTERED in one’s EXPERIENCE

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4
Q

Schemas

A

The mental STRUCTURES people use to organize their KNOWLEDGE about the social world around themes or subjects.

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5
Q

Person Schemas

A

Expectations for specific individuals

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6
Q

Self Schemas

A

Use it to determine what people want to involve themselves with or to choose a political party

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7
Q

Role Schemas / Stereotype

A

Beliefs about certain social groups helps navigate world

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8
Q

Event Schemas / Scripts

A

Helps navigate what are going to happen in specific situations based on prior experience

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9
Q

3 Characteristics of Schemas that Humans use?

A
  1. Available
  2. Accessible
  3. Applicable
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10
Q

Accessibility

A
  1. Chronic
    - Constantly active schemas due to past experience
  2. Temporary
    - Related to current goal
    - Recent experience (Priming)
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11
Q

Applicable

A

When the priming can be applied to the subject or situation
- “Neat” or “disrespectful” isn’t applicable to Donald’s behaviors

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12
Q

Priming

A

Recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema

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13
Q

How Schemas Influence humans’ Thinking

A
  • Selective Attention: Stereotype
  • Selective Inference / Construal
  • Selective Encoding & Retrieval
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14
Q

Abstract Construal

A
  • People describe actions that are consistent with a stereotype/schemas in abstract terms/traits
  • Thus reinforcing stereotype
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15
Q

Concrete Construal

A
  • People describe actions that are inconsistent with a stereotype in concrete terms
  • Thus avoid changing stereotype content
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16
Q

A Case Study of Stereotype and Construal

A

Stereotype of black people to be aggressive
- Abstract construal: He is being aggressive
- Concrete Construal: He give money to a homeless man

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17
Q

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

A
  1. Having an expectation about someone
  2. The expectation influences action
  3. Making the expectation comes true
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18
Q

Heuristics

A

Intuitive mental operations that allow us to make a variety of judgments quickly and efficiently

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19
Q

Availability Heuristics

A

Judgments of frequency or probability are based on the EASE with which pertinent instances are brought to mind
- e.g. Are people more likely to die by accident or cancer?

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20
Q

Illusory Correlation

A
  • When two memorable events co occur, their co-occurrence is HIGHLY SALIENT and thus more available in our mind
  • Leading to the belief that the two events are correlated when in fact they are not.
21
Q

Examples of Illusory Correlation

A
  • Gay couples + murder
  • Immigrant workers + violence
  • Movie stars + divorce
22
Q

Representativeness Heuristics

A

Judgments of likelihood are based on assessments of similarity between individuals and GROUP STEREOTYPE or between cause and effect.

23
Q

Base Rate Neglect

A

Assessments of similarity substitute for the assessment of likelihood
- e.g. Is this person likely to be Jewish?” becomes “Does this person seem Jewish?

24
Q

Processing Social Information

A
  1. Human as Information Processor
  2. Source of Information
  3. How Information is Presented
  4. How Information is Sought Out
25
Q

Steps of Information Processing

A
  1. Exposure
  2. Attention
  3. Construal
  4. Encoding
  5. Retrieval
26
Q

Human as (Imperfect) Information Processor

A
  1. Consistency Seeker (Motivation)
  2. Naïve Scientist (Cognition/Reason)
  3. Cognitive Miser (Efficiency)
  4. Motivated Tactician (Switching between the above)
27
Q

Consistency Seeker

A

MOTIVATION
- People are more likely to put time and effort not to be accurate but to serve their thought

28
Q

Naïve Scientist

A

REASON
- Rationally and logically TESTING our hypotheses about the behavior of others
- Need to ATTRIBUTE causes to effects (for example, observed behaviors and events)
- Create a MEANINGFUL, stable world where things make sense

29
Q

Cognitive Miser

A

EFFICIENCY
- Reluctant to expend cognitive resources
- Look for any opportunity to AVOID engaging in the sort of EFFORTFUL thought

30
Q

Motivated Tactician

A

SWITCHING between the above
- ALLOCATE cognitive resources and as such can decide to be a cognitive miser or a naïve scientist
- Depends on times and contexts

31
Q

Direct experience with social stimuli can be deceptive
because of…

A
  • Inattention
  • Misconstrual
  • Unrepresentativeness
  • Impression management
32
Q

Pluralistic Ignorance

A
  • Think that EVERYONE ELSE is interpreting a situation in a CERTAIN way
  • When in fact they are NOT
33
Q

Individual-focused discussion

A

People act on what they want other people to think about them

34
Q

Norm-focused discussion

A

Reduce pluralistic ignorance by having a discussion among others

35
Q

Memory Biases

A
  • Memory is RECONSTRUCT, not retained and retrieved
  • Try to remember what’s in the past to confirm what is happening at the present
36
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

The memory of important life incidents is not always accurate or vivid

37
Q

False memories

A

Recovered memories might be made up & significantly altered

38
Q

Secondhand Impressions of Other People

A

Sharpening and Leveling

39
Q

Sharpening

A

Emphasizing important or more interesting elements in telling a story to someone else

40
Q

Leveling

A

Eliminating or deemphasizing seemingly less important details when telling a story to someone else

41
Q

Primacy Effect

A

The disproportionate influence on judgment of information presented first in a body of evidence
- Attention span
- More salience information influence

42
Q

Framing Effect

A

The influence on judgment resulting from the way information is presented

43
Q

Spin Framing

A

Frame a buying decision in terms favorable to the product being advertised

44
Q

Positive & Negative Framing

A

People feel better about positive side rather than negative side

45
Q

Gain & Loss Framing

A

People are more willing to invest their time, money, effort, and take more risk to PREVENT LOSSES or to RESTORE what they’ve lost

46
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

The tendency to test a proposition by searching for evidence that would support it

47
Q

Counterfactual Thinking

A

Thoughts of what might have, could have, or should have happened “if only” something had been done differently

48
Q

Emotional Amplification

A

A degree of emotion amplified in proportion to how easy to think of the event that is no happening
- e.g. Silver vs. bronze medal

Social Psychology (10 decks)

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