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Social Psychology > Lecture 4 Social Perception > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Social Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Social Perception

A

Forming impressions of other people
- What people are like
- Make inferences about them
– How we explain their behavior

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2
Q

First Impression

A
  • Facial Structure: warmth or competence
  • Behavior
  • Social information: Room tidiness
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3
Q

Schema & First Impression

A
  • Primacy effect
  • Halo effect
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4
Q

Primacy effect in Social Perception

A

The first description of traits have more impact than later description
- e.g. intelligent - stubborn

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5
Q

Halo effect

A

A positive impression of someone, we presume that the person has many other good qualities
- e.g. capable people are also seen as powerful and dominant

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6
Q

Belief Perseverance

A
  • Tendency to stand by and commit to our INITIAL conclusions
  • Even when subsequently learned information suggests we were WRONG
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7
Q

Attribution Theory

A

The study of how human explain other’s behavior – including their own behavior

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8
Q

People as Naïve Scientists

A

Human try to understand others by piecing together available information to arrive at a reasonable explanation or cause

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9
Q

Internal Attribution

A

Personality trait, An attitude, or the person’s character.

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10
Q

External Attribution

A
  • The situation a person is in.
  • The assumption is that other people would behave similarly in that situation.
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11
Q

What is the consequences of making external attribution?

A
  • Our impression of the person would not change
  • We will respond differently now
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12
Q

What is the consequence of making internal attribution?

A
  • A more negative impression of the person
  • We will treat the person differently in the future
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13
Q

Kelly’s Covariation Model

A

Humans decide whether external or internal attribution based on time, place, and people.
- Consensus
- Distinctiveness
- Consistency

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14
Q

Consensus

A

PEOPLE
How others would behave in the same situation

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15
Q

Distinctiveness

A

PLACE
How the same person would behave
in the different situation

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16
Q

Consistency

A

TIME
How the same people would behave in similar situation across time

17
Q

Criticism of Kelly’s Covariation Model

A
  • Consensus information is used less frequently than Kelley’s theory predicted
  • Often lack information about 1 or more dimensions
  • Limited information is used
  • Absent information dimensions are guessed
18
Q

Errors in Attribution

A
  1. Fundamental Attribution Error
  2. Perceptual Salience
  3. Two-step Attribution Process
  4. Self-serving Attributions
  5. The Bias Blindspot
19
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

Naïve psychologists think more like personality psychologists
- Inferring a correspondence between people’s behavior and their personality
- Even when there are powerful situational explanations

20
Q

Perceptual Salience

A

When an object stands out and captures our attention
- Situational causes are often invisible or nearly invisible to us

21
Q

What does “people are perceptually prominent” mean?

A

Human attention naturally gravitates toward people in our environment
- Inferring that people have a large role

22
Q

Who have better impact on audiences: the one they can see or the other one who the can’t?

A

The one they could see better had a greater impact on the conversation

23
Q

Two-step Attribution Process

A
  1. Automatic: internal attribution
  2. Controlled: external attribution
24
Q

Why do people fail to use the controlled process?

A
  1. Distraction
  2. Lack of Motivation
25
Q

Criticisms of the Two-step Attribution Process

A

Cultural difference: Collectivists seem
to involve situations or external attribution more

26
Q

Self-serving Attributions

A
  1. Making internal attributions that give themselves credit for their successes
  2. Making external attributions that blame situations or other people
27
Q

What is the common cause of the self-serving attributions?

A
  • Self-esteem being threatened
  • Lack of information
28
Q

Criticisms of the Self-serving Attributions

A
  1. They are less common in East Asia than in the West
  2. They do not necessarily credit people individually but credits the entire team for their success
29
Q

Belief in a Just World

A

Belief that good things happen to good people, while bad things happen to people who do bad things

30
Q

Why do people choose to believe in a just world

A
  • It’s DIFFICULT TO UNDERSTAND and come to terms with tragic events even when it happens to others
  • It’s allows us to relax and feel ASSURED that bad things won’t happen to us because we won’t be that careless
31
Q

What are the consequence of the belief in a just world

A

Victim Blaming

32
Q

The Bias Blindspot

A

Bing unaware that we are just as likely to be biased as anyone else

Social Psychology (12 decks)

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