Lecture_15_Forensic Psychology

Question 1

Bystander Effect

Answer 1

People are less likely to help in an emergency when other bystanders are present

Question 2

Diffusion of Responsibility

Answer 2

The diminished sense of responsibility a person feels when he or she believes that others would or should intervene
- More likely to occur when a bystander can remain anonymous

Question 3

Deindividuation

Answer 3

a diminished sense of self-awareness , people under the cover of anonymity in which their identities are concealed
- May deliberately choose to engage in behavior about which they might otherwise be inhibited, including aggression

Question 4

Social Facilitation

Answer 4

A person’s performance on a well learned task will be enhanced by the heightened arousal caused by the presence of others

Question 5

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

Answer 5

Assumes that frustration – that is, blockage of a goal-directed activity – increases the likelihood of aggressive behaviour

Question 6

Aggressive Cues

Answer 6

Situational cues with an aggressive meaning that increase the accessibility of aggressive cognitions

Question 7

Displaced Aggression

Answer 7

Tendency to react to frustration with an aggressive response directed not at the original source of the frustration but at an UNRELATED, more easily accessible TARGET

Question 8

Factors Related to Criminal Behavior

Answer 8

1. Proximal variables
2. Distal variables

Question 9

Proximal Variables

Answer 9

Those occurring in time to the event
- Deindividuation
- Social facilitation

Question 10

Distal Variables

Answer 10

Those occurring in the distant past relative to the event
- Individual differences

Question 11

The Origins of Criminal Behavior

Answer 11

1. Biological theories
   - Testosterone
2. Sociological theories
   - Social inequality, poverty
3. Social Psychological Theories
   - Social learning theory

Question 12

Personality of Criminal Behavior

Answer 12

1. An early age of onset for antisocial behavior
2. Temperamental and personal characteristics that are conducive to criminal activity

Question 13

An early age of onset for antisocial behavior

Answer 13

• Negative parenting and family experiences
• Harsh and abusive discipline, low family cohesion, parental criminality

Question 14

Temperamental and personal characteristics that are conducive to criminal activity

Answer 14

• Impulsivity, aggressive energy, weak problem-solving abilities
• Low levels of school or vocational achievement
• Association with pro-criminal peers and isolation from
  noncriminal associates
• Antisocial attitudes, values, and beliefs

Question 15

Antisocial Pattern of Attitudes (Includes Values and Belief)

Answer 15

• High tolerance for deviance in general
• Rejection of the validity of legal authority and institutions
• Use of cognitive distortions (e.g., rationalization, denial) to make one’s antisocial behavior acceptable
• Interpretation of a wide range of environmental stimuli as a reason for anger
• The style of thinking that is generally antisocial

Question 16

2 Types of Criminals

Answer 16

1. Adolescense-limited individuals
2. Life-course-persistent group

Question 17

Psychopathy

Answer 17

1. Lack of empathy
2. Pathological lying
3. Impulsivity

Question 18

Why are eyewitnesses often wrong?

Answer 18

1. Process of memory
2. Environment of the crime scene (e.g. dark, happening very fast, etc.)
3. Emotions at the crime scene (anxious, fear, arousal, etc.)
4. Weapons that attackers used
5. False memory

Question 19

Why are eyewitnesses often wrong? Process of memory

Answer 19

1. Acquisition = “the process by which people notice and pay attention to information in their environment”
2. Storage = “the process by which people maintain in memory information they have acquired from the environment”
3. Retrieval = “the process by which people recall information stored in their memories”

Question 20

Own-Race Bias or Cross-Race Effect

Answer 20

The tendency for people to be better at recognizing faces of their own race than those of other races

Question 21

Reconstructive Memory

Answer 21

The process whereby memories of an event become distorted by information encountered after the event occurred

Question 22

Misinformation Effect

Answer 22

A memory error caused by exposure to incorrect information between
- the original event (e.g., a crime)
- and later memory test (e.g., an interview, lineup, or day in court)

Question 23

Source Monitoring

Answer 23

The process whereby people try to identify the source of their memories

Question 24

Recovered Memories

Answer 24

Recollections of a past event, such as sexual abuse, that have been forgotten or repressed

Question 25

False Memory Syndrome

Answer 25

Remembering a past traumatic experience that is objectively false but is nevertheless accepted by the person as true

Question 26

Forensic Psychology

Answer 26

A branch of applied psychology which applies psychological principles to an important real-life setting: the criminal and civil justice system

Question 27

Common Errors in Interviewing

Answer 27

• Too many close-ended questions
• Too few open-ended questions
• Interrupting witnesses in the middle of their narratives
• Asking leading questions
• Asking questions in a fixed and inflexible order

Question 28

Interrogative Suggestibility Scale

Answer 28

To measure how individuals surrender to leading questions

Question 29

Treatment Program & Intervention

Answer 29

1. Multisytematic treatment program
2. Rehabilitation Over Punishment
3. Therapeutic Community

Question 30

Multisytematic treatment program

Answer 30

Efforts to prevent the onset of antisocial and delinquent behavior may begin during early childhood

Question 31

Rehabilitation Over Punishment

Answer 31

Favoring humane treatment of prisoners

Question 32

Therapeutic Community

Answer 32

A holistic residential environment that is designed to promote the personal growth and development of the residents