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Social Psychology > Lecture 05 The Self > Flashcards

Lecture 05 The Self Flashcards

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1
Q

Spotlight Effect

A

The belief that others are paying more attention to our appearance and behavior than they really
are

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2
Q

Illusion of Transparency

A

The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others

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3
Q

Self-concept

A
  • The overall set of beliefs that people have about their personal attributes
  • What we know and believe about ourselves
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4
Q

Two Elements of Self-concept

A
  1. Self-schemas
  2. Possible selves
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5
Q

Self-schema

A
  • Beliefs about self that organize and GUIDE the processing of self-relevant information
  • The elements of your self-concept, the specific beliefs by which you DEFINE yourself
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6
Q

Cultural Influences on the Self-Concept

A
  • Independent View of the Self
  • Interdependent View of the Self
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7
Q

Independent View of the Self

A
  • Defines self through own INTERNAL thoughts, feelings, and actions and not other people’s
  • Independent self: Construing one’s identity as an AUTONOMOUS self
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8
Q

Interdependent View of the Self

A
  • Defines self through RELATIONSHIPS to other people
  • Recognizes that OTHERS’ thoughts, feelings, and actions affect one’s behavior
  • CONNECTEDNESS and interdependence valued
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9
Q

Individualism

A
  • Priority: one’s own goals over group goals
  • Identity: personal attributes rather than group identifications
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10
Q

Collectivism

A
  • Priority: the goals of one’s group
  • Identity: one’s group
  • More self-critical and focus less on positive self-views
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11
Q

Planning fallacy

A

The tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task

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12
Q

Impact Bias

A

Overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events.

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13
Q

Functions of the Self

A
  1. Self-knowledge
  2. Self Control
  3. Impression management
  4. Self-esteem
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14
Q

Self-knowledge

A

The way we understand who we are and organize this information

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15
Q

Self Control

A

The way we make plans and execute decisions

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16
Q

Impression Management

A

The way we present ourselves to others and get them to see us as we want to be seen

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17
Q

Self-esteem

A

The way we maintain positive views of ourselves

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18
Q

Introspection

A

The process whereby people look inward and examine their own thoughts, feelings, and motives

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19
Q

Self-Awareness Theory

A
  • Focus their attention on themselves
  • Evaluate and compare their behavior to their INTERNAL STANDARD and values
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20
Q

Destructive Ways to Escape the self

A
  • Alcohol abuse
  • Binge eating
  • Sexual masochism
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21
Q

Constructive Ways to Escape the self

A

– Religious expression
– Spirituality

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22
Q

Self-Perception Theory

A
  • When our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous
  • We infer these states by OBSERVING our behavior and the situation in which it occurs
  • Judge whether their behavior really reflects how we FEEL or the SITUATION that made us act that way
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23
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

Engage in an activity because of ENJOYMENT and interest

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24
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

Engage in an activity because of external reasons

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25
Q

Over-justification Effect

A

Extrinsic > Intrinsic

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26
Q

How to Make Temporary Changes

A

External justification
- Large reward
- Sever punishment
(No choice)

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27
Q

How to Make Lasting Changes

A

Internal justification
- Small reward
- Mild punishment
(It’s a right thing to do)

28
Q

How to Preserve Intrinsic Interest

A
  1. Task-contingent rewards
  2. Performance-contingent rewards
  3. Avoiding over-justification when using rewards
29
Q

Task-contingent Rewards

A

– Rewards that are given for (JUST) PERFORMING a task, regardless of how well the task is done

30
Q

Performance-contingent Rewards

A

– Rewards that are based on HOW WELL we perform a task

31
Q

Which reward type is less damaging to intrinsic interest?

A

Performance-contingent Rewards

32
Q

Fixed Mindset

A

The idea that we have a set amount of an ability that cannot change
- More likely to give up and do poorly on subsequent
tasks after failure

33
Q

Growth Mindset

A

The idea that our abilities are malleable qualities that we can cultivate and grow

34
Q

The Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

A
  1. Experience physiological arousal
  2. Seek an appropriate explanation for it
35
Q

How does context/environment affect different emotions?

A

Attribution of emotion based on injection or the activity

36
Q

Misattribution of Arousal

A

Making mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they do

37
Q

Social Comparison

A

Evaluating one’s opinions and abilities by comparing oneself with others or one’s self in the past

38
Q

When do people engage in social comparison?

A

– No objective standard exists to measure against
– When we experience UNCERTAINTY

39
Q

With whom do people choose to compare yourself?

A

– Initial impulse: anyone who is around (occurs quickly and automatically)
– The ones who have similar background.

40
Q

Upward Social Comparison

A

Goal: know the furthest level to which we can aspire
- Comparing to people who are better on a particular ability
- Benchmarking with higher in rank or career

41
Q

Downward Social Comparison

A

Goal: feel better about yourself
- Comparing to people who are worse on a particular trait or ability
- Compare ourself/performance to past performance

42
Q

Looking glass self

A
  • An individual’s sense of self is shaped by their perceptions of how others view them
  • Adopting other’s views when we want to get along with them
43
Q

Social Tuning

A

The process whereby people adopt another person’s
attitudes
- Adopt the views of people they like
- Reject the views of people they do not

44
Q

Self-Control

A

Making choices about present and plans for the future

45
Q

Thought suppression

A

Attempt to avoid thinking about something we would prefer to forget
– Not that efficient!!

46
Q

Explain why thought suppression doesn’t work

A

The more we try not to think about something, such as an ex-boyfriend or the chips on the buffet table, the more those very thoughts keep coming to mind

47
Q

How can self-control be improved?

A

Believing willpower is an unlimited resource

48
Q

Self-presentation

A

EXPRESSING oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a FAVORABLE impression or an impression that corresponds to one’s ideals

49
Q

Self-monitoring

A

Being ATTUNED to the way one presents oneself in social situations and ADJUSTING one’s performance to create the desired impression

50
Q

Ingratiation

A

Flattering, praising, and generally trying to make ourselves likable to another person, often of higher status

51
Q

Self-handicapping

A
  • Creating obstacles and excuses for ourselves
  • If we do poorly on a task, we can avoid blaming ourselves
52
Q

Behavioral self-handicapping

A

REDUCE the likelihood of success so that if they fail, they can blame it on obstacles rather than ability
- Example: pulling an all-nighter before a test

53
Q

Reported self-handicapping

A

Devise ready-made EXCUSES in case they fail
- Example: complaining about not feeling well when you take a test

54
Q

Culturally Universal Impression Management

A

Desire to manage image we present

55
Q

Culturally different Impression Management

A

Kinds of images we want to present
- E.g., “Saving face” is important in Asian cultures

56
Q

Self-Esteem

A
  • Overall EVALUATION (positive or negative) that people have of themselves
  • A person’s overall self evaluation or sense of SELF-WORTH
57
Q

How do people with high self-esteem react to threats?

A
  • Compensating for it
  • Blaming someone else
  • Trying harder next time
    These reactions help them preserve their positive feelings about themselves.
58
Q

How do people with low self-esteem react to threats?

A
  • Blame themselves
  • Give up
59
Q

Benefits of high self-esteem

A

Buffers against thoughts of own mortality

60
Q

Terror management theory

A
  • Self-protective emotional and cognitive responses
  • Adhering more strongly to their cultural worldviews and prejudices
  • When confronted with reminders of their mortality
61
Q

Narcissism

A
  • An inflated sense of self
  • Combination of excessive self-love and a lack of empathy toward others
  • Has increased in college students since the 1980s
62
Q

Explain why didn’t some self-esteem studies find significant results?

A

Maybe it’s because there is an interaction effect of self-esteem and narcissism

63
Q

Self-efficacy

A

A sense that one is competent and effective, distinguished from self-esteem, which is one’s sense of self-worth
- A sharpshooter in the military might feel high self-efficacy and low self-esteem

64
Q

Self-serving Bias

A

The tendency to perceive oneself favorably

65
Q

Self-serving Attributions

A
  • A form of self-serving bias
  • The tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to other factors
66
Q

Problems with Self-serving Bias

A
  • Failure to account for luck or external factors
  • Comparing oneself favorably to others
  • Unrealistic optimism
  • False consensus and uniqueness
  • The actual problem will no be solved

Social Psychology (10 decks)

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