Lecture_10_Aggression Flashcards

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1
Q

Aggression

A

Any form of behavior directed toward the goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment

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2
Q

Types of Aggression

A
  1. Hostile aggression
  2. Instrumental aggression
  3. Relational aggression
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3
Q

Hostile Aggression

A

Aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain or injury

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4
Q

Instrumental Aggression

A

Aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain

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5
Q

Relational Aggression

A

To deteriorate other people’s relationship
- e.g. gossip, spread rumors

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6
Q

Aggression Questionnaire

A
  • Anger
  • Physical aggression
  • Hostility
  • Verbal aggression
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7
Q

Gender and Aggression

A
  • Males behave aggressively to secure status (culture of honor) -> Female chooses male who offers greatest protection and resources
  • Females are more verbally aggressive by using sarcastic remarks
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8
Q

Cultures of Honor

A

Cultures that value individuals’ capability
- In the western culture, self-esteem is build on one’s capabilities

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9
Q

Emotional Responses as a Function of Groups’ Perceived Warmth and Competence

A
  • Warm + Competent = Admiration
  • Warm + Incompetent = Pity
  • Cold + Competent = Envy
  • Cold + Incompetent = Contempt
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10
Q

Biological Factors of Aggression

A
  • Testosterone: Only correlation, no causation
  • Mirror neurons
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11
Q

Culture and Aggression

A

Cultures embedded with cooperative, collectivist values lower levels of aggression than European societies

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12
Q

The Evolutionary View of Aggression

A

Natural selection

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13
Q

Psychoanalytic Theory of Aggression

A

Sex and Aggression

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14
Q

Social-Cognitive Learning Theory of Aggression

A

Role model

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15
Q

Learning Theory of Aggression

A

Reinforcement & Punishment

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16
Q

The General Aggression Model (GAM) Important

A

Integrative theoretical framework explaining how PERSONAL and SITUATIONAL input variables lead to aggressive behavior via
- Cognitive appraisal
- Negative affect
- Physiological arousal

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17
Q

Changes in Aggression Across Time and Cultures

A

Changing social conditions can change behavior
- Competition -> increases aggression
- Conflict -> learn aggression

18
Q

Physiological Influences on Agression

A
  • Alcohol
  • Pain and heat
19
Q

Alcohol and Aggression

A

Alcohol reduces anxiety and lowers social inhibitions

20
Q

Think-Drink Effect

A

When people expect alcohol to have certain effects on them
-> more aggressive

21
Q

Pain, Heat, and Aggression

A

Bodily discomfort: heat, humidity, air pollution, crowds, and offensive odors
-> Lower the threshold for aggressive behavior

22
Q

Social Situations and Aggression

A
  • Frustration-Aggression Theory
  • ## Provocation and reciprocation
23
Q

Frustration-Aggression Theory

A

Frustration-the perception that you are being prevented from attaining a goal-increases the probability of an aggressive response
- Not absolute deprivation
- But relative deprivation: A discrepancy between what they have and what they expect to have

24
Q

Weapons Effect

A

The increase in aggression (heightened testosterone) that can occur because of the mere presence of a gun or other weapon

25
Q

Sexual Assault

A

Lack of consent remains the key criterion

26
Q

Sexual Scripts

A

Sets of implicit rules that specify proper sexual behavior for a person in a given situation, varying with the person’s gender, age, religion, social status, and peer group

27
Q

Violence and the Media

A

More violent after watching violent media
- Especially, games that reward violence, awarding points or moving the player to the next level after a “kill”
- Both violent video games and prosocial video games have direct effects on their players

28
Q

Desensitization

A

Psychic numbing or indifference to real victims

29
Q

The reasons behind Violence Media Induced Aggression

A
  • Increase physiological arousal and excitement: an automatic tendency to imitate the hostile or violent characters
  • They prime existing aggressive ideas and expectations: approved ways of behaving when we are frustrated, angry, or hurt
30
Q

Punishing Aggression

A
  • Extreme punishment (physical abuse) is a risk factor in children for the development of depression, low self- esteem, violent behavior, and many other problems
  • Consistency and certainty of punishment are more effective deterrents of violent behavior than severe punishment or death penalty
31
Q

Catharsis and Aggression

A

“Blowing off steam”
Behaving aggressively or watching others to do so- relieves built-up anger and aggressive energy, reduces the likelihood of further aggressive behavior
-DISCONFIRMED: Expressing anger often makes people angrier

32
Q

Blaming the victim of our aggression?

A

Cognitive dissonance: Justifying our action (He/She deserves it.)

33
Q

Why some people are more aggressive than others?

A
  • Hostile Attributional Bias
  • Narcissism
34
Q

Hostile Attributional Bias/Style

A

Tendency to attribute hostile intentions to a person who has caused harm when it is unclear whether or not the harm was caused accidentally or on purpose

35
Q

Narcissism

A

Personality trait denoting a grandiose view of the self and strong sense of entitlement

36
Q

What are we supposed to do with our anger?

A
  1. Venting versus self-awareness/self-control/self-regulation
  2. Training in communication and problem-solving skills
  3. Countering dehumanization by building empathy
  4. Disrupting the rejection-rage cycle
    - Social rejection is the most significant risk factor for teenage suicide, despair, and violence
37
Q

Toxic Relationships: Blame-shifting & Gaslighting

A

Psychological manipulation of a person usually over an extended period of time that causes the victim to question the validity of their own thoughts, perception of reality, or memories and typically
-> confusion, loss of confidence and self-esteem, uncertainty of one’s emotional or mental stability, and a dependency on the perpetrator

38
Q

Discussion: Examples of toxic relationships and how to handle them

A
39
Q

Discussion: What makes you aggressive?
3. Discuss how to decrease or handle aggression
(both towards and from others) in general and in
daily life.

A
40
Q

Discuss how to decrease or handle aggression (both towards and from others) in general and in daily life.

A