Perio W12 Flashcards
Disclosing agents are used to make
Oral biofilm clinically visible
When should disclosing agents be applied
After oral and periodontal assessment
Oral biofilm is classified by
Location
Amount
Extent
Location of oral biofilm can be
Supragingival
Sub gingival
Contributing factors affect oral biofilm retention and removal. Examples?
Faulty restorations
Tight lingual frenum
Malocclusions
Missing teeth
Mouth breathing
Rough surfaces
Primary purpose of immune system
Defense
Protects against bacteria viruses fungi toxins
Innate immune system
Present at birth
Not antigen specific
Does the innate immune system improve with repeated exposure to infectious agents
No
Adaptive immune system
Develops throughout life
Antigen specific
The way an individuals body responds to the infection is known as
Host response
The body responds to infection by sending certain cells to the infection site producing
Biochemical substances to counteract the foreign invaders
Loss of immune function is
Deadly to the body
The immune system can become so intense in its response that it begins to
Harm the body that it is trying to protect
Components of the immune system that play an important role in combating periodontal disease
Cellular defenders (phagocytes, lymphocytes)
The complement system
Leukocytes act like an independent single cell organisms; can move through
Tissues and capture micro organisms on their own
2 types of leukocytes that are important in periodontal disease are
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes(PMNs)
Monocytes/macrophages
Phagocytosis is the process by which
Leukocytes engulf and digest MOs
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) are also known as neutrophils
They are rapid responders and provide the
First line of defense
(Short lived cells; die when they become engorged with bacteria)
PMNs are attracted to bacteria by a process called
Chemotaxis
PMNs contains many strong Bactericidal and digestive enzymes called
Lysosomes
Periodontal pathogens are most effectively destroyed by
PMNs
Called what when in the bloodstream
Monocytes
Called what when in the tissues
Macrophages
Monocytes and macrophages are long lived cells seen in
Chronic inflammation
(Slower to arrive at the infection site than PMNs)
Lymphocytes are small leukocytes that defend the body and 2 main types are
B lymphocytes (B cells)
T lymphocytes (T cells)
Once activated B cells make millions of ____ and pours them into the ____
Antibodies
Bloodstream
B cells can differentiate into 2 types of B cells
Plasma B cells
Memory B cells
Antibodies are what shaped proteins
Y shaped proteins
One end of the Y of the antibody binds to the outside of the _____ the other end binds to the____
B cell
Microorganism and helps to kill it
Antibodies are known collectively as
Immunoglobulins
5 Major classes of immunoglobulins
(My dad got an exorcism)
Immunoglobulin M
Immunoglobulin D
Immunoglobulin G
Immunoglobulin A
Immunoglobulin E
T lymphocytes (T cells) main function is to
Intensify the response of other immune cells to the bacterial invasion
T cells produce substances called ___ that further stimulate what
Cytokines
Immune response
Cytokine is a general name for any protein that is secreted by ___ and affects
Cells and affects the behaviour of nearby cells
Complement system is a complex series of proteins circulating in the blood that works to do what
Facilitate phagocytosis of bacteria
Kill bacteria directly by forming pores in bacterial cell membranes
Function of complement system (4)
Destruction of pathogens
Opsonization of pathogens
Recruitment of phagocytes
Immune clearance
Components of complement system can destroy certain MO’s directly by forming
pores in their cell membranes
For the task of forming pores the complement system creates a protein called ____
This protein can do what?
Membrane attack complex
Can puncture cell membranes of certain bacteria (lysis)
What is the most important action of the complement system
Opsonization
What is the process of opsonization
Complement system facilitates the capture and destruction of bacteria by phagocytes
To fight infection leukocytes travel through
The bloodstream
Explain trans-endothelial migration
Near infection site leukocytes push between endothelial cells (extravasation) and enter connective tissue
What is chemotaxis; Process by which leukocytes
enter connective tissue
Attracted to site of infection in response to biochemical compounds released by the invading bacteria
Chemokines are a subgroup of cytokines that cause additional immune cells to be attracted to
The site of infection or injury
2 stages of inflammation
Acute
Chronic
Acute inflammation duration?
Short term; normal process that protects and heals the body
The acute inflammation process is achieved by the increased movement of ___ and ____ from the ___ into the ___
Plasma; leukocytes; blood; into the injured tissues
5 classic signs of acute inflammation
Heat
Redness
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function
If the acute inflammatory responses are not effective in controlling the invading MO’s
The inflammatory response becomes chronic
Chronic inflammation is a long lived, out of control response that continues for more than
A few weeks
Chronic inflammation is a ____ condition that can destroy healthy tissue and cause more
Pathological condition
Damage than original orobkem
Are the classic warning signs of acute inflammation present in chronic inflammation
No; usually absent
Chronic inflammation occurs because the body is unable to
Rid itself of invading organism
What is the hallmark of chronic inflammation
Tissue damage
Chronic inflammation is characterized by an accumulation of
Macrophages
Examples of chronic inflammation
Rheumatoid arthritis
Diabetes
Asthma
Gingivitis
Periodontitis
Songs and symptoms of chronic inflammation may partially or completely disappear during a period of
Remission
Songs and symptoms may recur in all of their severity in a active period of disease known as
Exacerbation
Chemical mediators are biologically active compounds secreted by cells that activate
The body’s inflammatory response
(TNF-alpha, Leukotrienes, Prostaglandins, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8)
