Anat Final Heart And Blood Flashcards
1
Q
Blood is important for maintaining
A
Homeostasis
2
Q
What are the 3 functions of blood in the body
A
Transportation
Regulation
Protection
3
Q
Blood transports what? (4)
A
Gases
Nutrients
Waste
Hormones
4
Q
Blood regulates what (3)
A
Ph
Fluid balance
Heat
5
Q
Blood protects against
A
Disease
Blood loss
6
Q
What is the liquid portion of blood
A
Plasma
-55% total blood volume
-91% water
-9% dissolved substances
7
Q
Formed elements are what portion of blood
A
Cellular portion
8
Q
What are the formed elements?
A
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets
9
Q
What does the plasma include?
A
Albumin
Clotting factors
Antibodies
Complement
10
Q
What is albumin
A
The most abundant protein in plasma, important in maintaining the osmotic pressure of the blood
11
Q
Where is albumin produced?
And what results if there is a deficiency
A
Produced in the liver
Deficiency = lower blood volume
12
Q
What are the nutrients in the plasma
A
Glucose
Amino acids
Lipids
Electrolytes
13
Q
All formed elements are produced in the
A
Red bone marrow
(Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets)
14
Q
Production of erythrocytes (RBCs) are stimulated by erythropoietin, hormone from kidney, in response to
A
Low blood oxygen
HYPOXIA
15
Q
Erythrocytes are what shape
A
Bioconcave (disc shaped; central area is thinner than the outer edge)
16
Q
Erythrocytes contain?
What is it?
A
Hemoglobin; protein that contains iron
17
Q
Hemoglobin does what
A
Binds to oxygen for transport
Carries hydrogen ion for buffering
Carries carbon dioxide for elimination
18
Q
What does carbon dioxide do
A
Restricts RBC from transporting oxygen by blocking hemoglobin from binding to it
19
Q
Describe the characteristics of leukocytes
A
White blood cells
Important for protection and immunity
Colourless round shaped with prominent nuclei
20
Q
Different types of WBC’s are identified by their
A
Size, shape of the nucleus and the presence of absence of granules in the cytoplasm when stained
21
Q
What are the most numerous WBC
A
Neutrophils
22
Q
Describe eosinophils
A
Weak phagocyte
Active in allergic reactions
Active against parasites and worms
23
Q
What are active during infections, allergies and asthma, release histamine and heparin and are similar to mast cells
A
Basophils
24
Q
Lymphocytes are the second most numerous of the WBCs. What are they involved in and where do they develop
A
Involved in immunity
Develop in red bone marrow but reach maturity in lymphoid tissue
25
What are aggressive phagocytes and develop into larger macrophages after leaving blood to enter tissue space
Monocytes
26
The most important function of leukocytes is to destroy pathogens by
Phagocytosis
27
When a pathogen entered the tissue the ______ and ______ leave the blood and go to the _____
Neutrophils and monocytes
Go to the area of infection
28
Once they get to the area of infection what occurs and what are engulfed
Phagocytosis occurs and invaders are engulfed
29
What may be destroyed in the process of phagocytosis
Leukocytes
30
Pus is a mixture of
Dead and live bacteria and leukocytes
31
Abscess is a
Localized area of pus
32
Some lymphocytes become
Plasma cells (b lymphocytes)
33
B lymphocytes are active in the
Production of circulating antibodies needed for immunity
34
Platelets (thrombocytes) are fragments of cells called
Megakaryocytes
35
Platelets (thrombocytes) are essential for prevention of
Blood loss and blood coagulation (clotting)
36
Platelets (thrombocytes) are not cells they have no _____ or _____ they have ____ and ____
No nuclei or DNA; they have enzymes and mitochondria
37
Hemostasis is the process that prevents the
Loss of blood from circulation when a blood vessel is ruptured by injury
38
Hemostasis consists of 3 steps which are
Vasoconstriction
Platelet plug
Blood clot formation
39
Procoagulants promote
Clotting
40
Anticoagulants prevent
Clotting
41
In the absence of injury _____ activity is greater than _____ activity preventing the formation of blood clots
Anticoagulant; coagulant
42
What vitamin is required for the liver to produce enzymes for clotting
Vitamin K
43
Coagulation: Prothrombinase, is an active enzyme that triggers the final clotting mechanism. When is it formed?
When tissue is injured
44
Coagulation: Prothrombinase converts prothrombin in the blood to?
What is needed for this?
Thrombin
Calcium is needed
45
Coagulation: Thrombin reacts by converting (soluble) ______ into (insoluble) ______
Fibrinogen; fibrin
46
Coagulation: fibrin forms a network of threads that entrap plasma and blood cells to form
A clot
47
What are antigens
Proteins capable of activating an immune response
48
What are the 4 blood types
A, B, AB, O
49
Rh factor is known as the
D antigen
50
Rh positive
Have the antigen
51
Rh negative
Lack the antigen
52
Rh incompatibility can lead to
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
53
what is transfusion
The administration of blood from one person to another through veins
54
Blood types must be compatible. Blood typing and cross matching prevents
Antigen-antibody reaction and hemolysis
55
What is the universal donor blood type
O negative
56
What is the universal recipient blood type
AB positive
57
You can give yourself your own blood. What is this known as
Autologous
58
Centrifuge separates plasma from
Formed elements
59
Hemapheresis keeps what and returns remainder to?
Keeps desired elements and returns remainder to donor
60
Plasmapheresis keeps what and returns what?
Keeps plasma and returns formed elements to donor
61
What are the uses of plasma
Increase blood volume
Treat circulatory failure
Treat plasma protein deficiency
Replace clotting factors
Provide needed antibodies
**reduces risk of incompatibility**
62
What is anemia and what are the classic symptoms
Abnormally low level of hemoglobin or RBCs resulting in impaired delivery of oxygen to the tissues.
Fatigue, skin pallor, weakness, faintness, headache
63
Compensation to anemia results in
Increased heart rate and respiratory rates
64
Leukaemia is an increase in
White blood cells
65
Excessive loss or destruction of red blood cells are what 3 kinds of anemia
Hemorrhagic anemia
Hemolytic anemia
Sickle cell anemia
66
Impaired production of RBC or hemoglobin types of anemia
Nutritional anemia
Pernicious anemia
Thalassemia
Bone marrow suppression
67
What are 2 types of leukemia
Myelogenous leukemia (affects stem cells in the bone marrow)
Lymphocytic leukemia
68
Multiple myeloma
Cancer of plasma cells
(Begins in bone marrow, increases lymphocyte count)
69
Lymphoma is
Cancer of the lymphatic system
(Hodgkins lymphoma and non Hodgkin’s lymphoma)
70
What is hemophilia
Rare hereditary bleeding disorder
(Deficiency of factor VIII)
71
What clotting disorder is characterized by plasma component that help platelets to stick to damaged tissue and transports clotting factor VIII
Von Willebrand disease
72
Thrombocytopenia is
The most common clotting disorder
Reflects a decrease in platelet number and results in hemorrhage in the skin or mucous membrane
73
Thrombous
Stationary blood clot
74
Embolus
Circulating blood clot
75
Electrophoresis
Measures the hemoglobin
76
The hematocrit
Measures how much of the blood volume is taken up by red blood cells
77
What is the normal red cell count range
4.5-5.5 million cells/mm^3 of blood
78
Normal range of leukocytes
5000-10,000 cells/mm^3 of blood
79
Normal range of platelet counts
150,000-450,000/mm^3 of blood
80
Polycythemia
Increase in RBC
81
Leukopenia
White blood cells are below 5000 cells/mm^3 of blood
82
Leukocytosis
WBC in excess of 10,000 cells/mm^3
83
The circulatory system is a continuous one way circuit of blood vessels through which blood is pumped by
The heart
84
Endocardium lines the
Interior of the heart
85
The _____ is the muscle of the heart, the thickest layer, responsible for pumping the blood
Myocardium
86
What is the epicardium
Serous membrane that forms the thin outer layer of the heart
(Visceral layer of serous pericardium)
87
What is the pericardium
The sac that encloses the heart
88
What are the 2 layers of the pericardium
Fibrous pericardium
Serous pericardium
89
What does the fibrous pericardium do
CT that supports and protects heart; holds heart in place
90
The myocardium is composed of
Cardiac muscle cells
91
Cardiac muscle cells characteristics (5)
Lightly striated
Have single nucleus
Are controlled involuntarily
Have intercalated disks
Have branching fibers
92
Intercalated disks and branching fibers act to
Coordinate contractions
93
Right side of the heart pumps blood _______ to the lungs through
Low in oxygen; Pulmonary circuit
94
Left side of the heart pumps the _____ to the remainder of the body through the
Oxygenated blood; systemic circuit
95
2 sides of the heart are separated from each other by
Septums
96
Interartial septum separates
The 2 atria
97
The interventricular septum separates
The 2 ventricles
98
The upper chambers are the receiving chambers known as the
Atria/atrium
99
The lower chambers are the pumping chambers known as
Ventricles
100
Right atrium receives blood low in oxygen returning from the tissues. Carried in the
Veins
101
What brings blood from the head chest and arm
Superior vena cava
102
Delivers blood from the trunk and legs
Inferior vena cava
103
Pumps the venous blood received from the right atrium into the lungs
Right ventricle
104
Received blood high in oxygen from the lungs, carried by the pulmonary beings
Left atrium
105
What Pumps oxygenated blood to all parts of the body. This blood first goes into the aorta and then the?
Left ventricle; branching systemic arteries
106
Atrioventricular valves consist of tricuspid valve (r) and bicuspid (mitral) valve (L). Are they at entrance or exit
Entrance
107
Semilunar valves consist of pulmonary valve (R) and aortic valve (L). Are they are entrance or exit
Exit
108
What are aka heart strings
And what do they do
Chordae tendinae
Prevent prolapse and eversion
(Hold AV valves in place while heart is pumping blood)
109
The right and left coronary arteries supply blood to
The muscle of the heart
110
Both sides of the heart work together, heart muscle contractions starts in the ____ then the ____ contract
Atria; ventricles
111
Systole is
Active phase (contraction)
112
Diastole is
Resting phase (relaxation)
113
One complete heart contraction and relaxation equals
One heartbeat
114
Cardiac output is
The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute
115
Average cardiac output for adult at rest is
5L/min
116
The sinoatrial (SA) Node aka ____, in upper wall of _______ initiates heartbeat by generating an action potential. It sets the _____
Pacemaker; right atrium; rate of contraction
117
Atrioventricular (AV) node is located
In the interatrial septum at the bottom of the right atrium
118
Pathway from the SA to the AV; impulse travels it
Internodal pathways
119
Atrioventricular bundle carries action potential to the
Ventricular myocardial cells
(Includes smaller purkinje fibers)
120
Intercalated disks allow the rapid flow
Of impulses throughout the heart muscle
121
Heart block is any
Interruption in the conduction pathway
122
Rate and force of heart contractions can be influenced by
The nervous system
Endocrine system
Ions
Drugs
123
SNS increases
The heart rate
124
PNS decreases
Heart rate to restore homeostasis
125
Epinephrine and thyroxine speeds
Heart rate up
126
Bradycardia
Slow heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute
127
Tachycardia
Fast resting heartbeat (more than 100 beats per minute)
128
The heart makes two normal sounds which are
Lub and dup
129
The Lub is the ?
Caused by ?
First heart sounds
Caused by the closure of the AV valve
130
The dup is the ?
It is caused by?
Second heart sound
Caused largely by sudden closure of the semilunar valves
131
Arrhythmia
Abnormal rhythm of heartbeat
132
Flutter
Extremely rapid coordinated contractions up to 300/ minute
133
Fibrillation
Rapid, wild, uncoordinated muscle contractions
134
Which is more serious; ventricular fibrillation or atrial fibrillation
Ventricular fibrillation
135
Endocarditis
Inflammation of the lining of the heart
136
Myocarditis
Inflammation of the heart muscle
137
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium
138
What is the most common congenital heart defect
Ventricular septal defect
*hole between 2 ventricles
139
Coarctation of the aorta
Localized barreling of the aortic arch
140
Tetralogy of fallout
Blue baby; low oxygenated blood is sent directly to tissue bypassing the lungs
141
Certain _____ infections are indirectly responsible for rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease
Streptococcal
142
Rheumatic heart disease is common in what ages
5-15 years old
143
Coronary heart disease involves the
Arteries that supply the heart muscle
144
Atherosclerosis; the lumen of the blood vessel narrows due to
Progressive thickening and hardening
145
Ischemia
Lack of blood supply to the areas fed by the narrowing arteries
146
Thrombus
Formation of a blood clot
147
Coronary thrombosis
Formation of a blood clot in a coronary artery
148
Angina pectoris
Inadequate blood flow to the heart muscle
(Nitroglycerin tablets provide immediate relief)
149
Myocardial infarction is aka
Heart attack
150
Congestive heart failure the heart is unable to
Pump blood efficiently
151
Congestive heart failure is often due to
Deterioration of the heart tissues and is frequently the result of disorders of long duration such as high bp
152
Effects of aging on the heart: common occurrences (3)
1. Heart chambers become smaller so lower cardiac output
2. Valves become less flexible
3. Less likely to respond efficiently to physical and emotional stress
