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Hygiene Sem 1 > Anat Final Endocrine + Sensory > Flashcards

Anat Final Endocrine + Sensory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endocrine system

A

Group of glands that produce hormones
- works w nervous system to control and coordinate other body systems

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2
Q

Chemical messengers that have specific regulatory effects on target cells within organs

A

Hormones

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3
Q

Hormones are released from

A

Endocrine glands into blood (ductless)

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4
Q

Hormones are very important for

A

Growth
metabolism
Reproduction
Behaviour

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5
Q

What are the hormones affecting many tissues

A

Growth hormone
Thyroid hormone
Insulin

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6
Q

What are hormones affecting a specific site

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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7
Q

What are the 2 categories of hormones

A

Amino acid compounds
Lipids

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8
Q

Amino acids compounds consist of

A

Proteins

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9
Q

Amino acid compounds are _____ hormones; bind to receptors on target cell membrane triggering a 2nd messenger to affect cell activities

A

Non steroid

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10
Q

Lipids are made of ____
Lipids are ___ hormones; produced by the _____ and ______

A

Fatty acids; steroid hormones; produced by the adrenal cortex and sex glands

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11
Q

Example of steroid hormones (lipids)

A

Testosterone
progesterone

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12
Q

What are tightly regulated by homeostatic feedback, rhythmic patterns (daily or monthly) and other hormones

A

Blood levels are tightly regulated

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13
Q

Negative feedback is an action that causes

A

A 2nd action that stops the first action
(Most common)

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14
Q

Positive feedback

A

Hormone response produces more hormone

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15
Q

The pituitary gland “hypophysis” is divided into

A

Anterior and posterior lobes

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16
Q

In the anterior (adenohypophysis) lobe the hypothalamus sends

A

Releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones

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17
Q

In the posterior (neurohypophysis) lobe hormones are not

A

Produced here they are stored (ADH and oxytocin)

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18
Q

Hormones of the posterior lobe

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin

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19
Q

Antidiuretic hormone promotes what and stimulates what?

A

-Promotes the reabsorption of water from kidney tubules
-Stimulates construction of blood vessels

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20
Q

Oxytocin causes

A

Uterine contractions and trigger milk release from the breasts

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21
Q

Hormones of the anterior lobe(6)

A
  1. Growth hormone
  2. Thyroid stimulating hormone
  3. Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)
  4. Prolactin
  5. Follicle stimulating hormone
  6. Luteinizing hormone
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22
Q

Gigantism refers to excessive growth due to

A

Over secretion of growth hormone in childhood

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23
Q

Acromegaly is a condition caused by oversecretion of

A

Growth hormone in adults

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24
Q

The thyroid gland is the largest endocrine gland and produces 2 hormones that increase metabolism which are

A

Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)

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25
Q

Thyroid gland disorders: goiters

A

Enlargement of thyroid gland

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26
Q

Thyroiditis

A

Inflammation of thyroid

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27
Q

Hypothyroidism can occur at multiple stages of life for multiple reasons. 3 disorders are

A

Endemic goiter (lack of iodine in diet)
Congenital (@birth)
Hashimoto thyroiditis (autoimmune)

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28
Q

Hyperthyroidism is an overactive thyroid; what disorders are associated

A

Graves’ disease (inherited- bulging eyes)
Thyroid storm

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29
Q

There are 4 parathyroid glands located where?
What do they secrete ?

A

Behind thyroid gland embedded in its capsule or surrounding CT
-secretes parathyroid hormone

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30
Q

Parathyroid hormone increases

A

Blood calcium levels

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31
Q

Parathyroid hormone is produced when

A

Blood calcium is low

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32
Q

Parathyroid hormone stimulates the production of

A

Calcitriol

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33
Q

Hyposecretion- inadequate production of PTH results in low blood calcium concentration and is associated with

A

Tetany- series of muscle contractions

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34
Q

Adrenal glands are located above the kidneys. Each gland has two separate parts acting as separate glands. What are they

A

Medulla- inner area
Cortex- outer area

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35
Q

In the adrenal medulla, epinephrine is the main hormone. It is released in response to

A

Sympathetic nervous system
“Fight or flight” response
(Increased bp, heart rate)

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36
Q

What are the 3 groups of hormones from the adrenal cortex

A

Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Androgens

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37
Q

Major hormone of glucocorticoids is

A

Cortisol
(Secretion of glucocorticoid quickly increases when body is thrown into a condition of stress)

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38
Q

What is the major hormone of moneralocorticoid group

A

Aldosterone
(Regulated electrolyte balances)

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39
Q

Virilization refers to

A

Appearance of male characteristics facial hair and premature balding

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40
Q

Androgens deal with

A

Make sex hormones

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41
Q

Disorders of adrenal cortex: Addison’s disease

A

Hypofunction of adrenal cortex; insufficient amount of hormones
-muscle atrophy/weakness, skin pigmentation, and disturbances in salt/water balance

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42
Q

Disorders of adrenal cortex: cushings a syndrome

A

Hypersecretion of cortisol
(Obesity, thin skin, muscle weakness, bone loss high blood sugar, high BP)
-women may experience virilization

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43
Q

The pancreas has 2 types of cells

A

Acini
Pancreatic islets

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44
Q

Acini is ____
Secretes ______ through ducts into small intestine

A

Exocrine
Digestive enzymes

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45
Q

Pancreatic islets are ____
Produce hormones one being?

A

Endocrine
Insulin

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46
Q

Glucagon (pancreas hormone) is produced by ____ cells in response to

A

Alpha cells; in response to low blood glucose levels

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47
Q

What is the most common endocrine disorder and what is it

A

Diabetes mellitus
Insulin deficiency

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48
Q

Hyperglycaemia

A

Too much glucose in the blood

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49
Q

Hyperlipidemia

A

High blood levels of fat (cholesterol)

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50
Q

Ketoacidosis

A

Ketones in blood
(Acidic)
(Confusion, coma, death)

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51
Q

What are the two types of diabetes mellitus

A

-Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
-Non insulin dependant diabetes mellitus

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52
Q

Insulin dependant diabetes mellitus is known as?
What does it result from?

A

Type 1 diabetes (formerly known as leveled diabetes)
Results from hyposecretion of insulin
LESS COMMON BUT MORE SEVERE

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53
Q

Non insulin dependant diabetes mellitus is known as
It is characterized by

A

Type II diabetes
Characterized by insulin resistance

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54
Q

Gestational diabetes is

A

Diabetes that develops during pregnancy
(Typically disappears after childbirth)

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55
Q

What is key to managing all diabetes

A

Maintaining Stable blood glucose levels by diet and exercise

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56
Q

Uncontrolled diabetes is associated with many long term complications including (4)

A

Abnormal fat metabolism
Damage to arteries
Damage to peripheral nerves
Decreased tissue repair

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57
Q

Management of type 1 diabetes

A

Insulin injections
Monitor blood sugar levels frequently

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58
Q

Management of type II diabetes

A

Monitor diet
Exercise
Oral medications “metformin”

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59
Q

Sex glands: testes produce what and what does it stimulate

A

Testosterone (androgen) which stimulates the growth and development of sex organs

60
Q

Sex glands: ovaries produce and what does each do

A

Estrogen: stimulates growth of primary sexual organs, development of secondary sexual characteristics and ovarian follicles

-progesterone: prepares and maintains uterus for pregnancy

61
Q

The pineal gland produces

A

Melatonin during dark periods (high levels at night)

62
Q

What are prostaglandins

A

Group of hormone like substances made by most body tissues and derived from fatty acids

63
Q

Prostaglandins are produced, act and are quickly inactivated ____

A

In or close to the site of origin

64
Q

Prostaglandins control processes such as

A

Inflammation
Blood flow
Formation of blood clots
And induction of labour

65
Q

Aging and the endocrine system: main clinical conditions

A

Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Hypothyroidism
Osteoporosis

66
Q

Sensory system stimulus is interpreted by the

A

Cerebral cortex

67
Q

What are the parts of the nervous system that detect stimulus

A

Sensory receptors

68
Q

Classification of sensory receptors is based on structure (3)

A

Free dendrite (pain or temp)
An end organ (touch or pressure)
Specialized cell (ex rods and cones of retina)

69
Q

Sensory receptors functional classification based on

A

Type of stimulus to which they respond

70
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Detective chemicals in solutions (taste and smell)

71
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Respond to light (located in retina)

72
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Detective changes in temp (located in skin)

73
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Respond to movement

74
Q

What is threshold stimulus

A

The intensity required for a receptor to respond and generate a nerve impulse

75
Q

Sensory adaptation refers to

A

Sensations become less intense with continuous exposure

76
Q

A special sense is

A

Localized in a special sense organ
(Vision, hearing, taste, smell, equilibrium)

77
Q

A general sense is

A

Widely distributed throughout the body (pressure, hot/cold, pain and touch, sense of position from muscles)

78
Q

What forms the orbit of the eye and protect the dorsal part of the eyeball

A

Skull bones

79
Q

Palpebra refers to

A

Eyelids which protect the front of the eye
(Blinking lubricates the eye)

80
Q

What keeps foreign matter out of the eye

A

Eyelashes and eyebrows

81
Q

Conjunctiva lines the

A

Eyelid and covers the sclera
(Secretes mucus)

82
Q

What produces tears

A

Lacrimal gland

83
Q

What washes tears away

A

Nasolacrimal duct

84
Q

Extrinsic muscles of the eye do what

A

Move the eye so that both eyes center on one visual field

85
Q

Sensory nerves of the eye: Optic nerve (CN II) receives

A

Visual information from the rods and cones to brain

86
Q

Optic disk is free of

A

Receptors “blind spot”, point of exit

87
Q

Sensory nerves of the eye: ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve carries impulses of

A

Pain, temperature, touch sensations from eye and its surroundings to brain

88
Q

Motor nerves of the eye: carry impulses to the eye muscles (3)

A

Trochlear nerves (CN IV)
Abducens nerve (CN VI)
Oculomotor nerve (CN III), largest

89
Q

What are the three separate coats or tunics of the eyes

A

Sclera
Choroid
Retina

90
Q

What is refraction

A

Bending of light rays as they pass between substances of different densities

91
Q

What are the 4 refractive parts of the eye

A

Cornea
Aqueous humor
Lens
Vitreous body

92
Q

What is the main refracting structure of the eye

A

Cornea
(No blood vessels, transparent and colourless)

93
Q

What is the aqueous humor

A

Watery fluid that fills eyeball anterior to lens
Permits passage of light

94
Q

Crystalline lens “lens@ is a ____ clear circular structure. It has the ability to

A

Bioconvex; ability to change shape to permit near and far vision

95
Q

What maintains the shape of the eyeball

A

Vitreous body

96
Q

What is accommodation in reference to vision

A

Process of adjusting the lens thickness to allow for vision at near and far distances

97
Q

Accommodation: contraction of the _____ removes the tension on the _____

A

Ciliary muscle; suspensory ligaments

98
Q

Function of the iris

A

Regulates amount of light entering the eye

99
Q

In the presence of bright light, the circular muscle fibers of the iris _____

A

Contract; reducing the size of the pupil
(CONSTRICTION)

100
Q

If the light is dim the radial muscles ____ and the opening is pulled ____ and _____

A

Contract; outward: enlarged
(DILATION)

101
Q

Structure of the retina: multiple layers from deepest to most superficial is

A

Pigmented layer
Rods and cones
Connecting neuron

102
Q

Rods are

A

Photoreceptors that work best in dim light (detect shades of gray)

103
Q

Night blindness (nyctalopia) results from lack of vitamin

A

Vitamin A

104
Q

Cones function in

A

Bright light
(Located in the center of retina, especially in the fovea centralis)

105
Q

Colour blindness results when

A

Lack of one or more types of cones

106
Q

Red-green colour blindness

A

Can’t distinguish green from red
(Lacks green sensitive cones)

107
Q

Hyperopia

A

Farsightedness
(Light rays focus behind the retina)

108
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness

109
Q

Astigmatism

A

Caused by irregularity in the curvature of the cornea or lens

110
Q

Presbyopia

A

Age related loss of elasticity in the lens; can’t see close up

111
Q

Strabismis

A

The 2 eyes do not move together resulting from lack of coordination of the extrinsic eye muscles
(Can result in blindness)

112
Q

Amblyopia

A

Loss of vision in a healthy eye because it cannot work properly with the other eye (lazy eye)

113
Q

Infections of the eye: conjunctivitis (4)

A

-Pink eye (cocci or bacilli)
-Inclusion conjunctivitis (chronic infection from chlamydia)
-ophthalmia neonatorum (neonatal conjunctivitis)
Allergies

114
Q

What is cataract

A

Opacity (cloudiness) of the lens or the outer covering of the lens

115
Q

Glaucoma

A

Condition characterized by excess pressure of the aqueous humor
(Retinal degeneration, loss of peripheral vision initially)

116
Q

The ear is a sense organ for both

A

Hearing and equilibrium

117
Q

What are the three main components of the ear

A

Outer ear (pinna and a canal)
Middle ear (air space containing 3 small bones)
Inner ear (most complex)

118
Q

External auditory canal (meatus) lining is thin and contains

A

Ceremonious glands, producing wax (cerumen)

119
Q

The tympanic menbrane is at the end of the meatus it is aka the

A

Eardrum
Vibrates in response to sound waves (moves ossicles)

120
Q

Middle ear contains three small bones called ossicles. What are they called

A

Malleus (first)
Incus (second)
Stapes (innermost bone shaped like a stirrup)

121
Q

Eustscian tube is aka
Connects middle ear with throat, opens to ?

A

Auditory tube
Opens to equalize pressure

122
Q

Function of inner ear

A

Hearing and equilibrium

123
Q

Describe the structure of the inner ear

A

Bony labyrinth, outer wall, hollow skeleton

124
Q

What is the inner ear filled with

A

Perilymph (fluid)

125
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the inner ear

A

Vestibule (equilibrium)
Semicircular canal (equilibrium)
Cochlea (hearing)

126
Q

The _____ is the organ of hearing within the cochlea, composed of _____ located inside the _____

A

Organ or corti; hair cells; cochlear duct

127
Q

Sensory receptors within the vestibule and semicircular canals are ____ and deal with ____

A

Ciliated; equilibrium

128
Q

2 types of equilibrium sensory receptors

A

Maculae (sense position of head relative to the force of gravity and acceleration)
Cristae (detect rotational acceleration)

129
Q

Nerve supply to equilibrium sensory receptors via

A

Vestibular nerve

130
Q

Vertigo

A

Abnormal sensation of spinning

131
Q

Otitis externa is aka

A

Swimmers ear
Inflammation of the external auditory canal

132
Q

Otitis media

A

Infection of middle ear
E.g pathogens from pharynx via auditory tube

133
Q

Hearing loss 2 types

A

Sensorineural hearing loss (damage to auditory nerves or cochlea)
Conductive hearing loss (blockage of sound to inner ear)

134
Q

Sense of taste aka

A

Gustation

135
Q

Sense of taste involves receptors in the tongue and two different nerves which are

A

Facial and glossopharyngeal cranial nerves

136
Q

Most taste buds are located at the back of the tongue

A

Circumvallete papillae

137
Q

Sense of smell; what kind of receptors and where are they located

A

Olfactory receptors
Located in olfactory epithelium of the upper part of nasal cavity

138
Q

Olfactory receptors deteriorate with

A

Age

139
Q

Innervation of olfactory factory receptors

A

Olfactory CN

140
Q

Sense of touch receptors

A

Receptors tactile corpuscles: “meissners” corpuscle

141
Q

Sense of pressure

A

Pacinian corpuscle

142
Q

Thermocepters deal with sense of temperature. They are ______ widely distributed in the ____

A

Free nerve endings; skin

143
Q

Receptors located in ____, ____ and ____ that relay impulses that aid in judging ones position

A

Muscles, tendons, joints
“Proprioceptors”

144
Q

Pain receptors are?

A

Free nerve endings
“Nociceptors”

145
Q

There are 2 pathways of pain to the CNS which are

A
  1. One for sharp pain
  2. One for slow chronic pain
146
Q

Methods of pain relief

A

Analgesic drugs
Anaesthetics
Endorphins
Application of heat or cold
Relaxation

147
Q

What are the 2 main categories of analgesic drugs

A

Non narcotic analgesics (act locally)
Narcotics (act on CNS)

Hygiene Sem 1 (22 decks)

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