Orofacial Final Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 4 tooth tissues?
Which are hard and which are soft tissues
A
Enamel dentin cementum and pulp
Pulp is the only soft tissue of the 4
2
Q
Enamel percentage makeup
A
96% inorganic matter
4% organic + water
3
Q
Hardest tissue in human body
A
Enamel
4
Q
Forms the main portion or body of the tooth and is underneath enamel and cementum
A
Dentin
5
Q
Dentin is ___ in colour and ___ in nature
A
Yellow in colour and elastic in nature
6
Q
Dentin percentage makeup
A
70% inorganic, 30% organic + water
7
Q
There is _____ dentin (adds to itself) and _____ dentin laid down in response to trauma
A
Secondary; tertiary
8
Q
Cementum percentage makeup
A
45% inorganic. 55% organic
9
Q
Main function of cementum and characteristics
A
Main function is to allow attachment of tooth to alveolar bone.
- protects and supports tooth
- bone like substance that covers the root
10
Q
What are the 2 types of cementum
A
Cellular
Acellular
11
Q
Cellular cementum is found where?
What can it do?
A
Apical one third of root
It can reproduce itself
12
Q
Acellular cementum covers most of the
A
Anatomic root
13
Q
Cells that produce cementum are called
A
Cementoblasts
14
Q
Nutrition for cementum is derived from
A
Outside of the tooth (through blood vessels that come directly from the bone)
15
Q
Nourishing, sensory, dentin-reparative system of the tooth.
Composed of blood vessels, lymph vessels, CT, nerve tissue and special dentin forming cells
A
Pulp
16
Q
Dentin forming cells are called
A
Odontoblasts
17
Q
A tooth least likely to have proximal root concavities
A
Maxillary central incisor
18
Q
Incisors are designed to?
A
Cut
19
Q
Lingual surface of incisors are shovel shaped to
A
Guide food into mouth
20
Q
Canines are designed to
A
Hold or grasp food
21
Q
Length and thickness of canine protects the ____ during _____
A
Jaw joint during side jaw movements
22
Q
Longest tooth in human dentition
A
Canine
23
Q
Premolars are designed to
A
Hold and grind food
24
Q
Molars are designed to
A
Chew or grind foods
25
A point angle is a point at which
3 surfaces meet
26
The crowns of teeth form from growth centres called
Lobes
27
Lobes grow and fuse together but a line remains on the erupted tooth where fusion too place and are called
Developmental grooves
28
How many lobes do incisors have
3 facial and 1 lingual
29
How many lobes do canines have
3 facial 1 lingual
30
Premolars have how many lobes
3 facial and 1 lingual
31
Maxillary 1st molars have how many lobes
2 facial and 3 lingual
32
Mandibular first molars have how many lobes
3 facial and 2 lingual
33
2nd molars have how many lobes
2 facial and 2 lingual
34
What is a fossa
A shallow depression or concavity
35
What is a lingual lobe of an anterior tooth characterized by excess enamel
Cingulum
36
The main ridges on each cusp that run from the tip of the cusp to the central part of the occlusal surface
Triangular ridges
37
The union of 2 triangular ridges (buccal and a lingual) that cross the occlusal surface
Transverse ridge
38
What are the 3 major salivary glands
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
39
All salivary glands should be ____ during IOEO. Any enlargements should be ____
Palpated
Noted and investigated
40
What is the largest salivary gland that produces 25% of saliva
Parotid
41
Parotid gland is located on the ?
Where does it open into the oral cavity
Surface of the masseter muscle
Opens into the oral cavity opposite that maxillary 2nd molars
42
The parotid gland is what kind of gland
Serous
43
Produces 60-65% of saliva and is a mixed gland- serous and mucous cells
Submandibular gland
44
Where is the submandibular gland located and where does it open?
Located below body of the mandible and wraps around the neck.
Duct opens in sublingual caruncle at the base of lingual frenum
45
Smallest of the 3 pairs of glands; produces 10% of saliva
Sublingual gland
46
Sublingual gland secretions
Mostly mucous cells with some serous cells
47
Where is the sublingual gland located and where does it open
Anterior floor of mouth
Opens in submandibular duct in sublingual fold
48
What 4 types of papillae does the tongue contain
Circumvallate
Fungiform
Filiform
Foliate
49
Foliate papillae is found where
Posterior 1/3 of the tongue and in lateral (side) surfaces
50
Area where oral cancer can begin?
Foliate papillae
51
Each tooth begins to develop from ___ or more growth centres
4
52
The lobes grow and develop within their bony crypt until they
Fuse
53
The fusion of lobes is called
Coalescence
54
Eruption rules
Mandibular precede maxillary
Teeth in both jaws erupt in pairs
Permanent teeth erupt slightly earlier in girls than boys
55
Premature loss of deciduous teeth may cause
Abnormal jaw growth and development
56
Deciduous dental arch helps guide
1st permanent molars into position
57
What is the phenomenon of mesial drift
Tendency of the permanent molars to have eruptive force toward the midline
58
The process by which the roots of a baby tooth are resorted and dissolved until so little root remains that the baby tooth falls out
Exfoliation
59
Describe resorption
As the permanent tooth erupts, osteoclastic cells destroy the root of the deciduous tooth
60
Bone destroying cells
Osteoclasts
61
Eruptive forces do not cease after the eruption of the 3rd molars. Eruption continues because of
Attrition
62
What is attrition
Wearing away of the tooth through contact of its functioning surfaces
63
As the teeth erupt and meet their opposing tooth, they form what is known as the
Occlusal plane
64
The curved alignment of the occlusal plane is called the
Curve of spee
65
What is a proximal contact area
Refers to mesial and distal areas of the teeth at the widest portion and the greatest curvature where surfaces touch one another
66
2 adjacent teeth share the same
Proximal bone
67
(4) What does a contact area do?
1. Prevents food impaction and bacteria invasion
2. Protects underlying gum tissue
3. Provides support and anchorage for teeth
4. Helps resist displacement from trauma
68
What is a contact point
Where the occlusal cusp/incisal edge of the tooth touches the occlusal/incisal portion of another tooth in opposing arch
69
Interproximal space is also called
Interdental space
70
Triangular shaped spaces between teeth. The ____ forms the apex of the triangle and the ____ forms the base of the triangle and what forms the sides
Contact area forms the apex of the triangle. Alveolar bone forms the base of the triangle. The sides are formed by proximal surfaces
71
Spaces are normally filled with gingival tissue called
Papillary gingiva or interdental papilla
72
Papillae prevents
Food and debris collection
73
Food and debris collection increases if there is
Increased bone loss
74
What is a cervical embrasure
Gingival recession takes place between the teeth. A void that exists cervically to the contact area
75
Buccolingually (occlusal view)- lingual embrasures are ____ than facial embrasures in posteriors
Wider
*reason b/c teeth are narrower on lingual side*
76
3 possible primary occlusions
Mesial step
Distal step
Flush terminal plane
77
Describe mesial step
Mandibular molars are situated more medically than their maxillary counterparts
** majority of children have mesial step**
78
Describe distal step
Mandibular molars are more posterior than maxillary molars
79
Describe primate spaces
Large spaces found mesial to the max primary canines and distal to mandibular canines
80
Describe overjet
The amount (in mm) of facial horizontal overlap of maxillary teeth
(Flared look)
81
Describe overbite
Amount of vertical overlap measured in mm or %
(Greater the overbite the less amount of mand teeth you will be able to see)
82
What is a ridge
Elevated portion that runs in a line
83
All cusps have how many ridges?
What are they?
4 ridges; buccal lingual mesial distal
84
Rounded borders of enamel that form the mesial and distal shoulders of the occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth and the mesial and distal shoulders of the lingual surface on anterior teeth
Marginal ridges
85
What makes up the bulk of the cervical third of the lingual surface of the anterior tooth
Cingulum
86
Primary dentition refers to
20 deciduous teeth
87
Secondary/permanent dentition refers to
32 permanent teeth
88
What is the soft tissue that develops into a tooth
Tooth germ or tooth bud
89
When do tooth buds begin to grow within the alveolar process of fetus
4-6th week of fetal life
90
Crypt is a
Early tooth socket
91
Both primary and secondary teeth develop from these tooth germs which later are located within
Cavities of the alveolar process called crypts
92
Crowns of the anterior teeth shower greater curvature of the
Cervical line than do the posterior teeth
93
The more anterior the greater
Curvature
94
Mesial curvature is _____ than the distal curvature of the ____
Greater; same tooth
95
_____ teeth are wider buccolingually
Posterior
96
Periodontium is the supporting tissues around the teeth consisting of?
Free gingiva, attached gingiva, alveolar mucosa, cementum, PDL, and bone
97
Class 1 occlusion
Normal relationship
Max 1st molar is slightly posterior to mand 1st molar
98
Class II occlusion
Distoclusion
Buccal groove of mand 1st molar is posterior to mesiobuccal cusp of max 1st molar
99
Class II Div 1
Class II molar relationship. Anteriors protrude (flared)
100
Class II Div II
Molars class II relationship
Max centrals retrude and laterals flare
101
Class III occlusion
Mesioclusion
B groove of mand 1st molar is more anterior to the MB cusp of max 1st molar
*underbite*
102
Deviations of dental tissue origin and therefore are derived from the dental tissues
Dental anomalies
103
Intrinsic factor
Internal
Ex hereditary, metabolic dysfunction, mutations
104
Extrinsic factor
External
Ex physical or chemical trauma, biologic agents, nutritional deficiencies, stress, habits, environmental conditions
105
In many instances anomalies result from a combination of
Extrinsic and intrinsic factors
106
Macrodontia
Teeth too large
107
Microdontia
Teeth too small
108
Hyperdontia
Multiple/ extra teeth
*also referred to as supernumerary
109
Anodontia
Too few teeth
110
What makes up the gingival unit
Free gingiva
Attached gingiva
Alveolar mucosa
111
The attached gingiva extends from _____ to the ____
The base of the sulcus to the Mucogingival junction
112
The bottom of the sulcus is influenced by the curvature of the
Cervical line of the tooth
113
A healthy gingival sulcus does not exceed
3mm
114
The attached gingiva is connected to the tooth by a mesh work of collagenous fibers (orange peel effect). These fibers formed by
Fibroblasts
(Principal cells of CT)
115
All fibers embedded in the cementum are known as
Sharpeys fibers
116
Thin covering of compact bone that surrounds the teeth, radiographically called lamina dura
Alveolar bone
117
Traumatic forces are not a _____ force but _____
Constant force but intermittent
118
5 periodontal ligament fibers
Alveolar crest group
Horizontal group
Oblique group
Apical group
Interradicular group
119
A slight amount of mobility is
Healthy and normal
120
If a tooth is not occluding with its antagonist tooth it begins to erupt within
24 hours
121
What 2 things have a direct effect on anchorage and support of the tooth
Shape and length of root
122
Root concavities and grooves allow for more surface area and for the
PDL to attach at different angles
123
Roots with _____ cross sections offer resistance to lateral displacement
Triangular
124
What kind of roots offer resistance to occlusal, apical and distal forces
Curved roots
125
What are the longest and most stable teeth in the mouth
Canines
126
Maxillary 1st premolar have buccal and lingual cusps. The buccal cusp is usually ____mm or more longer than lingual cusp
1mm
127
How many roots do maxillary 1st premolars have
2 roots. One buccal one lingual
128
Most maxillary 1st premolars have 2 roots and 2 pulp canals. Even when only one root is present ____ pulp canals can be found
2
129
Maxillary 2nd premolar usually have how many roots
1
(Buccal and lingual cusps almost same length)
130
Mandibular 1st premolar have a dominant facial cusp. This is the only part that
occludes with the maxillary teeth
131
Mandibular 1st premolar develops from ___ lobes
4
132
Lingual cusp of mandibular 1st premolar is much ____ than the lingual cusp of maxillary premolars
Smaller
133
Lingual cusp of mandibular premolar is considered afunctional because
It does not occlude with any maxillary teeth
134
Mandibular 2nd premolar can have 3 cusp form or 2 cusp form. Describe them
3 cusp type has Y groove pattern (most dominant)
2 cusp type has U or H groove pattern
(H groove pattern more common)
135
Fifth or supplementary cusp usually found on all maxillary 1st molars
Cusp of carabelli
136
Describe the maxillary 1st molar
Crown? Which cusp is the largest? Which root is the largest?
Crown is broad mesiodistally and slightly wider buccolingually
Mesiolingual cusp is the largest
Mesial buccal root is largest (2 canals)
137
Describe some general characteristics of the maxillary 2nd molar
Shorter & narrow than 1st max molar
More supplemental grooves and pits
Oblique ridge less prominent
No fifth lobe
Distolingual cusp less developed
Occlusal outline more heart shaped
138
Mandibular first molar is the first permanent tooth to erupt (6 years). Of the 5 cusps there are 4 major and 1 minor. Describe them
2 major buccal cusps
2 major lingual cusps
1 minor buccal cusp
139
What are the largest teeth in the mandibular arch
Mandibular first molar
140
Mandibular first molars distal cusp is smaller in height, it is separated from distobuccal cusp by
Distobuccal groove
141
Mandibular 2nd molars resemble mand 1st molars buccally and lingually except
There usually is no fifth distal cusp
142
The widest mesiodistally of any of the anterior teeth, nearly straight incisal edge, mesiooncisal edge almost 90 degrees
Maxillary central incisors
143
Maxillary lateral incisors vary in form; if variation is too great it’s considered a dental anomaly called
Peg laterals
144
More likely to be congenitally missing
Maxillary lateral incisors
145
When mandibular incisors erupt what can be seen on the incisal ridges
Mamelons
146
The mesioincisal angle of mandibular central incisors is more than
90 degrees
147
Mandibular lateral incisors appear to be rotated on their root axis because of the
Distal development lobe being larger and located more lingually than mesial lobe
148
Leeway spaces are created when
Primary molars are maintained by permanent pre molars
149
Primary molars are ____ mesiodistally than the premolars that replace them
Wider
150
Pulp cavities of deciduous teeth; pulp cavities mirror outer form of teeth except pulp horns are
Longer and more pointed
