Orofacial Final Flashcards
What are the 4 tooth tissues?
Which are hard and which are soft tissues
Enamel dentin cementum and pulp
Pulp is the only soft tissue of the 4
Enamel percentage makeup
96% inorganic matter
4% organic + water
Hardest tissue in human body
Enamel
Forms the main portion or body of the tooth and is underneath enamel and cementum
Dentin
Dentin is ___ in colour and ___ in nature
Yellow in colour and elastic in nature
Dentin percentage makeup
70% inorganic, 30% organic + water
There is _____ dentin (adds to itself) and _____ dentin laid down in response to trauma
Secondary; tertiary
Cementum percentage makeup
45% inorganic. 55% organic
Main function of cementum and characteristics
Main function is to allow attachment of tooth to alveolar bone.
- protects and supports tooth
- bone like substance that covers the root
What are the 2 types of cementum
Cellular
Acellular
Cellular cementum is found where?
What can it do?
Apical one third of root
It can reproduce itself
Acellular cementum covers most of the
Anatomic root
Cells that produce cementum are called
Cementoblasts
Nutrition for cementum is derived from
Outside of the tooth (through blood vessels that come directly from the bone)
Nourishing, sensory, dentin-reparative system of the tooth.
Composed of blood vessels, lymph vessels, CT, nerve tissue and special dentin forming cells
Pulp
Dentin forming cells are called
Odontoblasts
A tooth least likely to have proximal root concavities
Maxillary central incisor
Incisors are designed to?
Cut
Lingual surface of incisors are shovel shaped to
Guide food into mouth
Canines are designed to
Hold or grasp food
Length and thickness of canine protects the ____ during _____
Jaw joint during side jaw movements
Longest tooth in human dentition
Canine
Premolars are designed to
Hold and grind food
Molars are designed to
Chew or grind foods
A point angle is a point at which
3 surfaces meet
The crowns of teeth form from growth centres called
Lobes
Lobes grow and fuse together but a line remains on the erupted tooth where fusion too place and are called
Developmental grooves
How many lobes do incisors have
3 facial and 1 lingual
How many lobes do canines have
3 facial 1 lingual
Premolars have how many lobes
3 facial and 1 lingual
Maxillary 1st molars have how many lobes
2 facial and 3 lingual
Mandibular first molars have how many lobes
3 facial and 2 lingual
2nd molars have how many lobes
2 facial and 2 lingual
What is a fossa
A shallow depression or concavity
What is a lingual lobe of an anterior tooth characterized by excess enamel
Cingulum
The main ridges on each cusp that run from the tip of the cusp to the central part of the occlusal surface
Triangular ridges
The union of 2 triangular ridges (buccal and a lingual) that cross the occlusal surface
Transverse ridge
What are the 3 major salivary glands
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
All salivary glands should be ____ during IOEO. Any enlargements should be ____
Palpated
Noted and investigated
What is the largest salivary gland that produces 25% of saliva
Parotid
Parotid gland is located on the ?
Where does it open into the oral cavity
Surface of the masseter muscle
Opens into the oral cavity opposite that maxillary 2nd molars
The parotid gland is what kind of gland
Serous
Produces 60-65% of saliva and is a mixed gland- serous and mucous cells
Submandibular gland
Where is the submandibular gland located and where does it open?
Located below body of the mandible and wraps around the neck.
Duct opens in sublingual caruncle at the base of lingual frenum
Smallest of the 3 pairs of glands; produces 10% of saliva
Sublingual gland
Sublingual gland secretions
Mostly mucous cells with some serous cells
Where is the sublingual gland located and where does it open
Anterior floor of mouth
Opens in submandibular duct in sublingual fold
What 4 types of papillae does the tongue contain
Circumvallate
Fungiform
Filiform
Foliate
Foliate papillae is found where
Posterior 1/3 of the tongue and in lateral (side) surfaces
Area where oral cancer can begin?
Foliate papillae
Each tooth begins to develop from ___ or more growth centres
4
The lobes grow and develop within their bony crypt until they
Fuse
The fusion of lobes is called
Coalescence
Eruption rules
Mandibular precede maxillary
Teeth in both jaws erupt in pairs
Permanent teeth erupt slightly earlier in girls than boys
Premature loss of deciduous teeth may cause
Abnormal jaw growth and development
Deciduous dental arch helps guide
1st permanent molars into position
What is the phenomenon of mesial drift
Tendency of the permanent molars to have eruptive force toward the midline
The process by which the roots of a baby tooth are resorted and dissolved until so little root remains that the baby tooth falls out
Exfoliation
Describe resorption
As the permanent tooth erupts, osteoclastic cells destroy the root of the deciduous tooth
Bone destroying cells
Osteoclasts
Eruptive forces do not cease after the eruption of the 3rd molars. Eruption continues because of
Attrition
What is attrition
Wearing away of the tooth through contact of its functioning surfaces
As the teeth erupt and meet their opposing tooth, they form what is known as the
Occlusal plane
The curved alignment of the occlusal plane is called the
Curve of spee
What is a proximal contact area
Refers to mesial and distal areas of the teeth at the widest portion and the greatest curvature where surfaces touch one another
2 adjacent teeth share the same
Proximal bone
(4) What does a contact area do?
- Prevents food impaction and bacteria invasion
- Protects underlying gum tissue
- Provides support and anchorage for teeth
- Helps resist displacement from trauma
What is a contact point
Where the occlusal cusp/incisal edge of the tooth touches the occlusal/incisal portion of another tooth in opposing arch
Interproximal space is also called
Interdental space
Triangular shaped spaces between teeth. The ____ forms the apex of the triangle and the ____ forms the base of the triangle and what forms the sides
Contact area forms the apex of the triangle. Alveolar bone forms the base of the triangle. The sides are formed by proximal surfaces
Spaces are normally filled with gingival tissue called
Papillary gingiva or interdental papilla
Papillae prevents
Food and debris collection
Food and debris collection increases if there is
Increased bone loss
What is a cervical embrasure
Gingival recession takes place between the teeth. A void that exists cervically to the contact area
Buccolingually (occlusal view)- lingual embrasures are ____ than facial embrasures in posteriors
Wider
reason b/c teeth are narrower on lingual side
3 possible primary occlusions
Mesial step
Distal step
Flush terminal plane
Describe mesial step
Mandibular molars are situated more medically than their maxillary counterparts
** majority of children have mesial step**
Describe distal step
Mandibular molars are more posterior than maxillary molars
Describe primate spaces
Large spaces found mesial to the max primary canines and distal to mandibular canines
Describe overjet
The amount (in mm) of facial horizontal overlap of maxillary teeth
(Flared look)
Describe overbite
Amount of vertical overlap measured in mm or %
(Greater the overbite the less amount of mand teeth you will be able to see)
What is a ridge
Elevated portion that runs in a line
All cusps have how many ridges?
What are they?
4 ridges; buccal lingual mesial distal
Rounded borders of enamel that form the mesial and distal shoulders of the occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth and the mesial and distal shoulders of the lingual surface on anterior teeth
Marginal ridges
What makes up the bulk of the cervical third of the lingual surface of the anterior tooth
Cingulum
Primary dentition refers to
20 deciduous teeth
Secondary/permanent dentition refers to
32 permanent teeth
What is the soft tissue that develops into a tooth
Tooth germ or tooth bud
When do tooth buds begin to grow within the alveolar process of fetus
4-6th week of fetal life
Crypt is a
Early tooth socket
Both primary and secondary teeth develop from these tooth germs which later are located within
Cavities of the alveolar process called crypts
Crowns of the anterior teeth shower greater curvature of the
Cervical line than do the posterior teeth
The more anterior the greater
Curvature
Mesial curvature is _____ than the distal curvature of the ____
Greater; same tooth
_____ teeth are wider buccolingually
Posterior
Periodontium is the supporting tissues around the teeth consisting of?
Free gingiva, attached gingiva, alveolar mucosa, cementum, PDL, and bone
Class 1 occlusion
Normal relationship
Max 1st molar is slightly posterior to mand 1st molar
Class II occlusion
Distoclusion
Buccal groove of mand 1st molar is posterior to mesiobuccal cusp of max 1st molar
Class II Div 1
Class II molar relationship. Anteriors protrude (flared)
Class II Div II
Molars class II relationship
Max centrals retrude and laterals flare
Class III occlusion
Mesioclusion
B groove of mand 1st molar is more anterior to the MB cusp of max 1st molar
underbite
Deviations of dental tissue origin and therefore are derived from the dental tissues
Dental anomalies
Intrinsic factor
Internal
Ex hereditary, metabolic dysfunction, mutations
Extrinsic factor
External
Ex physical or chemical trauma, biologic agents, nutritional deficiencies, stress, habits, environmental conditions
In many instances anomalies result from a combination of
Extrinsic and intrinsic factors
Macrodontia
Teeth too large
Microdontia
Teeth too small
Hyperdontia
Multiple/ extra teeth
*also referred to as supernumerary
Anodontia
Too few teeth
What makes up the gingival unit
Free gingiva
Attached gingiva
Alveolar mucosa
The attached gingiva extends from _____ to the ____
The base of the sulcus to the Mucogingival junction
The bottom of the sulcus is influenced by the curvature of the
Cervical line of the tooth
A healthy gingival sulcus does not exceed
3mm
The attached gingiva is connected to the tooth by a mesh work of collagenous fibers (orange peel effect). These fibers formed by
Fibroblasts
(Principal cells of CT)
All fibers embedded in the cementum are known as
Sharpeys fibers
Thin covering of compact bone that surrounds the teeth, radiographically called lamina dura
Alveolar bone
Traumatic forces are not a _____ force but _____
Constant force but intermittent
5 periodontal ligament fibers
Alveolar crest group
Horizontal group
Oblique group
Apical group
Interradicular group
A slight amount of mobility is
Healthy and normal
If a tooth is not occluding with its antagonist tooth it begins to erupt within
24 hours
What 2 things have a direct effect on anchorage and support of the tooth
Shape and length of root
Root concavities and grooves allow for more surface area and for the
PDL to attach at different angles
Roots with _____ cross sections offer resistance to lateral displacement
Triangular
What kind of roots offer resistance to occlusal, apical and distal forces
Curved roots
What are the longest and most stable teeth in the mouth
Canines
Maxillary 1st premolar have buccal and lingual cusps. The buccal cusp is usually ____mm or more longer than lingual cusp
1mm
How many roots do maxillary 1st premolars have
2 roots. One buccal one lingual
Most maxillary 1st premolars have 2 roots and 2 pulp canals. Even when only one root is present ____ pulp canals can be found
2
Maxillary 2nd premolar usually have how many roots
1
(Buccal and lingual cusps almost same length)
Mandibular 1st premolar have a dominant facial cusp. This is the only part that
occludes with the maxillary teeth
Mandibular 1st premolar develops from ___ lobes
4
Lingual cusp of mandibular 1st premolar is much ____ than the lingual cusp of maxillary premolars
Smaller
Lingual cusp of mandibular premolar is considered afunctional because
It does not occlude with any maxillary teeth
Mandibular 2nd premolar can have 3 cusp form or 2 cusp form. Describe them
3 cusp type has Y groove pattern (most dominant)
2 cusp type has U or H groove pattern
(H groove pattern more common)
Fifth or supplementary cusp usually found on all maxillary 1st molars
Cusp of carabelli
Describe the maxillary 1st molar
Crown? Which cusp is the largest? Which root is the largest?
Crown is broad mesiodistally and slightly wider buccolingually
Mesiolingual cusp is the largest
Mesial buccal root is largest (2 canals)
Describe some general characteristics of the maxillary 2nd molar
Shorter & narrow than 1st max molar
More supplemental grooves and pits
Oblique ridge less prominent
No fifth lobe
Distolingual cusp less developed
Occlusal outline more heart shaped
Mandibular first molar is the first permanent tooth to erupt (6 years). Of the 5 cusps there are 4 major and 1 minor. Describe them
2 major buccal cusps
2 major lingual cusps
1 minor buccal cusp
What are the largest teeth in the mandibular arch
Mandibular first molar
Mandibular first molars distal cusp is smaller in height, it is separated from distobuccal cusp by
Distobuccal groove
Mandibular 2nd molars resemble mand 1st molars buccally and lingually except
There usually is no fifth distal cusp
The widest mesiodistally of any of the anterior teeth, nearly straight incisal edge, mesiooncisal edge almost 90 degrees
Maxillary central incisors
Maxillary lateral incisors vary in form; if variation is too great it’s considered a dental anomaly called
Peg laterals
More likely to be congenitally missing
Maxillary lateral incisors
When mandibular incisors erupt what can be seen on the incisal ridges
Mamelons
The mesioincisal angle of mandibular central incisors is more than
90 degrees
Mandibular lateral incisors appear to be rotated on their root axis because of the
Distal development lobe being larger and located more lingually than mesial lobe
Leeway spaces are created when
Primary molars are maintained by permanent pre molars
Primary molars are ____ mesiodistally than the premolars that replace them
Wider
Pulp cavities of deciduous teeth; pulp cavities mirror outer form of teeth except pulp horns are
Longer and more pointed
