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Hygiene Sem 1 > Micro W12 > Flashcards

Micro W12 Flashcards

1
Q

Innate defences

A

Always active; 1st and 2nd lines of defence

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2
Q

Acquired (adaptive defences)

A

Must be stimulated to become active; 3rd line of defense

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3
Q

Innate host defense barriers include

A

Physical
Mechanical
Cellular
Antimicrobial chemicals

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4
Q

Examples of physical barriers

A

Unbroken skin
Mucous membranes (eyes, nose, mouth)

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5
Q

Mechanical barriers examples

A

Movement of cilia
Sticky nature of mucous
Hair in the nose
Coughing, sneezing, shedding of skin cells

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6
Q

Examples of antimicrobial chemicals

A

HCL in stomach
Organic acids on skin
Interferon

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7
Q

Cellular barrier examples

A

Phagocytes (neutrophils/macrophages)

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8
Q

Is acquired immunity present at birth

A

No

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9
Q

Antigens are foreign to the ____ and activate the ____

A

The body
Immune response

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10
Q

In acquired immunity the immune system learns how to attack

A

Antigens and develops memory

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11
Q

Lysosome (chemical barrier) is an enzyme produced in

A

Sweat
Tears
Saliva
(Kills bacteria)

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12
Q

Gastric juices (chemical barrier) is

A

Stomach acids that kills bacteria and toxins

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13
Q

Saliva (chemical barrier) dilutes

A

MO’s and washes oral cavity

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14
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Phagocytes destroy microbes in body tissues

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15
Q

Localized response to damage is called

A

Inflammation

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16
Q

Response to infection that inhibits bacterial growth and increases rate of repair

A

Fever

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17
Q

T-lymphocytes (acquired immunity) is a ___ mediated response

A

Cell mediated response
(Helper T cells and killer T cells)

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18
Q

B-lymphocytes (acquired immunity) is a ____ mediated response

A

Antibody mediated response
(Memory cells)

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19
Q

Plasma produces

A

Antibodies

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20
Q

5 main types of white blood cells

A

Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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21
Q

White blood cells (aka leukocytes) protect against

A

Infectious disease and foreign invaders

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22
Q

These are more common in lymph than in blood, they have the longest lifespan (memory cells) and include B cells and T cells

A

Lymphocytes

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23
Q

B cells attack ____ and where?

A

Attack invaders OUTSIDE the cells

24
Q

T cells attack

A

Infected cells

25
Q

B cells divide to produce

A

Plasma and memory cells

26
Q

Produces antibodies which bind to antigens and eliminate them

A

Plasma

27
Q

Effectively respond to a second encounter with a pathogen

A

Memory cells

28
Q

Activate more WBC’s and are driving force in maintaining defense system

A

Helper T cells

29
Q

Killer/ cytotoxic cells

A

Track down cells infected with virus

30
Q

Largest wbc?

A

Monocytes

31
Q

Monocytes turn into what when they leave the bloodstream

A

Macrophages

32
Q

Most abundant wbc?

A

Neutrophils

33
Q

Neutrophils (aka PMNs) are the first responders to what kind of infections?
They make what

A

Bacterial and fungal infections
Make pus

34
Q

Found mostly in mucous membranes and deal with parasitic infections and allergic reactions

A

Eosinophils

35
Q

Rarest of the wbc

A

Basophils

36
Q

Basophils are responsible for what response and release what

A

Allergic and antigen response
Release histamine

37
Q

Process of inflammation

A
  1. Blood supply to site is increased
  2. Capillary permeability is increased (neutrophils &macrophages are present)
  3. WBC migrate from the capillaries into the affected tissues
38
Q

To the site of inflammation the earliest cells to arrive are____ followed by

A

Earliest = neutrophils
Followed by monocytes/macrophages, and lymphocytes

39
Q

Artificial immunity involves being

A

Immunized or vaccinated against a specific disease

40
Q

Activation of the immune system by certain antigens can cause damage to the body; what is an example of this

A

Pollens- antibody-mediated allergic reaction to the nose and eyes
HAY FEVER
ASTHMA

41
Q

Allergy to a substance distributed throughout the body may result in a widespread reaction affecting blood stream, lungs, and heart

A

Anaphylactic shock

42
Q

Cell mediated allergic reaction
(Ex nickel, poison ivy, latex gloves)

A

Contact dermatitis

43
Q

The initial immune response = increased number of

A

Lymphocytes

44
Q

Once we had an infectious disease we frequently

A

Will NOT get that disease again

45
Q

In phagocytosis the cell membrane will surround a bacteria to produce a pocket that will eventually close tightly around the bacteria; this pockets is a

A

Vacuole called the phagosome

46
Q

Lysosomes will merge with the membrane of the phagosomes to produce a combined vacuole called the

A

Phagolysosome

47
Q

The lysosomal enzymes in the vacuole digest the

A

Bacterial cell

48
Q

Most of the time macrophages and neutrophils function as low level

A

Garbage collectors

49
Q

Sharps is a term for

A

Devices with sharp points or edges that can puncture or cut skin/other tissue

50
Q

Examples of sharps in dental

A

Injection needle
Ortho bands/wire
Scalpel blades
Burs
Suture needles

51
Q

The most serious types of occupational exposure to blood borne pathogens are accidental

A

Percutaneous (through the skin) injuries involving sharps

52
Q

Sharp injuries are primarily associated with potential for occupational transmission of

A

Hep B (HBV)
Hep C (HCV)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

53
Q

Sharp injuries can occur at anytime when handling a sharp item, examples

A

At chairside
During instrument processing
At other times

54
Q

Establishing a _____ in the office is one overall strategy suggested by CDC to prevent sharp injury

A

Safety culture

55
Q

3 basic approaches to prevent sharp injuries

A
  1. Eliminate or limit use of sharps when possible
  2. Apply engineering controls (sharps container)
  3. Apply workplace controls (ex. One handed scoop)
56
Q

An exposure management protocol must be included in the ipac manual and must include the following

A

First aid procedures
Treatment
Documentation
Record the date/case number/status of person

Hygiene Sem 1 (22 decks)

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