Hist/embry Flashcards
Exocrine gland
Gland with a duct
Releases secretion (sweat and saliva)
Endocrine gland
Ductless gland
Secretes hormones directly into blood stream
Largest endocrine gland
Very vascular
Thyroid
The thyroid gland consists of 2 large lobes connected by an ___ in the middle
Isthmus
What should be palpated during EOE and exhibit mobility and move superiority when pt swallows
Thyroid gland
This Secretes parathyroid hormone directly into the bloodstream to regulate what
Parathyroid glands
Regulates calcium and phosphorus levels
Parathyroid glands are not visible or palpable during
EOE
The lymphatic system transports what and helps defend the body against
Excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream
Disease
Lymph is tissue fluid that drains from
Surrounding region into lymphatic vessels
Lymph transports foreign particles to the lymph nodes and returns
Protein molecules into the bloodstream
3 lymphatic pathways
Lymphatic capillaries
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic trunks and collecting ducts
Lymphatic vessels have “one way valves” which means
Lymph goes in but not back out (prevents backflow)
Lymphatic capillaries are microscopic close ended tubes that extend into ?
How do they receive lymph
Interstitial space and receive lymph through their walls
Lymphatic trunks drain lymph from where and lead to?
Large body regions and lead to 2 collecting ducts in the thorax
Collecting ducts join what veins
Subclavian
Lymph nodes are composed of what 2 things
Lymphocytes and macrophages
Lymphocytes and macrophages in lymph nodes filter out
Toxic products from lymph to prevent entry into vascular system
Lymph flows into lymph nodes through
Afferent vessels
Lymph flows out of the lymph node through
Efferent vessels
Lymph nodes occur in ___ along the paths of larger lymphatic vessels
Groups or chains
Lymph nodes are mainly located where
Cervical (head/neck)
Auxiliary (armpit)
Groin
Intraoral tonsilar tissue 3 types
Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils
Pharyngeal tonsils
2 rounded masses located between anterior and posterior faucial pillars
Palatine tonsils
Palatine tonsil masses contain fused together
Lymphatic nodules
Lingual tonsils is a layer of indistinct diffuse lymphoid tissue located
On the base of the dorsal tongue behind circumvallete papillae
Pharyngeal tonsils are found behind the uvula on superior and posterior walls of nasopharynx forming an incomplete ring of tissue called
Waldeyers ring
It’s common for pharyngeal tonsils to become enlarged in children and is referred to as
Adenoids
The nasal cavity is lined by
Respiratory mucosa
Nasal cavity is lined by a respiratory mucosa which is
Ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium
Goblet cells secret what
Mucin
Lamina propria in the nasal cavity is very vascular and does what
Warms air we breathe
Specialized area that carries receptors for the sense of
Sense of smell
4 pairs of paranasal sinuses
Frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal and maxillary sinuses
Paranasal sinuses function
Lighten skull bones, add resonance to the voice and moisten the nasal cavity
Exocrine glands are classified into 4 characteristics which are
Duct system
Shape of secretory unit
Mode of secretion
Nature of secretion
A simple duct
Is one duct which does not branch
Branching of duct where the secretory unit empties into small ducts and these join to form larger ones
Compound duct
Shape of secretory unit can be
Unicellular or multicellular
Unicellular examples
Goblet cells
Multicellular examples
Tubular
Alveolar
3 modes of secretion for exocrine glands
Merocrine glands
Apocrine glands
Holocrine glands
Merocrine glands secrete product through
Free surface, no loss of cytoplasm/cell
(Exocytosis)
Ex. Salivary glands
Apocrine glands secrete small amounts of
Cytoplasm with secretory product
Apical portion pinches off and detaches
Ex. Mammary glands
Holocrine glands
The entire cell discharged as secretion
Ex sebaceous glands
3 types of secretion
Serous
Mucous
Mixed
Clear watery protein that contains digestive enzyme amylase
Serous secretion
Cloudy, mucin (glycoproteins) with water
Mucous
Mixed secretion is a mixture of
Mixture of serous and mucous fluid
Acinus consists of a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells surrounding a ___ where the ___ is deposited after being produced by the secretory cells
Lumen (central opening)
Saliva
Salivary glands are compound tubular- alveolar _____ glands
Merocrine
All compound salivary glands are surrounded by ____ which provides ____ for the lobes
A capsule of connective tissue
Support
The duct attached to an acinus (terminal part of the duct) is called
Intercalated duct
Intercalated ducts are lined with simple cuboidal epithelium and they are cells that do not
Produce secretions, only serve as a passageway for saliva
Striated ducts are connected to intercalated ducts and lined with simple columnar epithelium. They serve as
A passageway for saliva
Cells resorb and excrete electrolytes
Excretory/secretory ducts starts as pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium then changes to ____. But it ends as _____ epithelium in the oral cavity
Stratified cuboidal
Ends as stratified squamous
Major salivary glands carry their secretion some distance in the oral cavity by a main duct and secrete approximately ___% of
90% of the saliva
Minor salivary glands empty their products
Directly into the oral cavity by short ducts
Both major and minor salivary glands are composed of either serous or mucous cells or a combination of both which is called
Serous demilunes
3 major salivary glands
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
Parotid salivary gland passes through duct known as
Stensons duct
The duct system of parotid salivary gland consists of
Long intercalated ducts and short striated ducts with basal striations
The parotid salivary gland secretion is mainly
Serous
Viral infection of the parotid gland
Mumps
The submandibular salivary gland duct is known as
Whartons duct
Submandibular gland total salivary volume
60-65%
The duct system of what salivary gland is short intercalated ducts with long striated ducts with basal striations
Submandibular salivary gland
Sublingual gland is the smallest major gland contributing to what % of total salivary volume
10%
Duct associated with the sublingual salivary gland
Bartholins duct
What kind of secretion mainly in sublingual duct
Mucous
How much saliva is produced by humans daily
About 640ml
Functions of saliva
Moistens food
Begins digestion (amylase)
Helps cleanse mouth
Aids in swallowing
Important in speech
Regulates mouth ph
Accumulation of saliva in mucosa due to trauma to minor salivary ducts
Mucocele
Sialolith refers to
Small salivary stones that block salivary flow
Xerostomia is aka
Dry mouth
Oral mucosa is composed of what epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
What lies between the epithelium and lamina propria in the oral mucosa
Basement membrane
3 main types of oral mucosa
Lining mucosa
Masticatory mucosa
Specialized mucosa
Covers the floor of the mouth, buccal labial, alveolar, ventral surfaces of tongue and soft palate
Lining mucosa
Lining mucosa is made up of what kind of epithelium
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Lining mucosa contains what 2 things
Elastic fibers (moveable base)
Submucosa (compression of tissue during chewing speech and swallowing
Masticatory mucosa is what kind of epithelial tissue
Parakeratinized
Covers attached gingiva dorsal surface of tongue and hard palate
Masticatory mucosa
Gingiva is divided into (3)
Free gingiva
Attached gingiva
Interdental papilla
Ankyloglossia
Tongue tied
Dorsal surface 4 types of papillae
Filiform
Fungiform
Foliate
Circumvallete
Filiform papillae look like?
Do they have taste buds?
Fine pointed cones
No taste buds
Fungiform papillae appear as?
Function?
Reddish dots
Taste sensation
Function of foliate papillae
Taste sensation
Circumvallete papillae location
Function?
Von ebners glands
Taste sensation
Taste buds are found in the oral epithelium mainly the tongue but some on?
Soft palate
Highest turnover time (4-6days)
Junctional epithelium
Lowest turnover time (24days)
Hard palate
Another term for laminate propria
Dermis
The submucosa of the cheek contains
Adipose tissue and minor salivary glands
Where can we find the lining mucosa
Buccal.
Floor of the mouth
Soft palate
Alveolar mucosa
What type of epithelium is lining mucosa consist of
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Does Parakeratinized epithelium have a nuclei
No
Masticatory mucosa covers?
Hard palate
Attached gingiva
Dorsal surface of the tongue
