Hist/embry Flashcards by Kate Niznik

Exocrine gland

Gland with a duct
Releases secretion (sweat and saliva)

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Endocrine gland

Ductless gland
Secretes hormones directly into blood stream

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Largest endocrine gland
Very vascular

Thyroid

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The thyroid gland consists of 2 large lobes connected by an ___ in the middle

Isthmus

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What should be palpated during EOE and exhibit mobility and move superiority when pt swallows

Thyroid gland

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This Secretes parathyroid hormone directly into the bloodstream to regulate what

Parathyroid glands
Regulates calcium and phosphorus levels

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Parathyroid glands are not visible or palpable during

EOE

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The lymphatic system transports what and helps defend the body against

Excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream
Disease

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Lymph is tissue fluid that drains from

Surrounding region into lymphatic vessels

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Lymph transports foreign particles to the lymph nodes and returns

Protein molecules into the bloodstream

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3 lymphatic pathways

Lymphatic capillaries
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic trunks and collecting ducts

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Lymphatic vessels have “one way valves” which means

Lymph goes in but not back out (prevents backflow)

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Lymphatic capillaries are microscopic close ended tubes that extend into ?
How do they receive lymph

Interstitial space and receive lymph through their walls

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Lymphatic trunks drain lymph from where and lead to?

Large body regions and lead to 2 collecting ducts in the thorax

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Collecting ducts join what veins

Subclavian

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Lymph nodes are composed of what 2 things

Lymphocytes and macrophages

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Lymphocytes and macrophages in lymph nodes filter out

Toxic products from lymph to prevent entry into vascular system

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Lymph flows into lymph nodes through

Afferent vessels

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Lymph flows out of the lymph node through

Efferent vessels

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Lymph nodes occur in ___ along the paths of larger lymphatic vessels

Groups or chains

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Lymph nodes are mainly located where

Cervical (head/neck)
Auxiliary (armpit)
Groin

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Intraoral tonsilar tissue 3 types

Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils
Pharyngeal tonsils

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2 rounded masses located between anterior and posterior faucial pillars

Palatine tonsils

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Palatine tonsil masses contain fused together

Lymphatic nodules

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Lingual tonsils is a layer of indistinct diffuse lymphoid tissue located

On the base of the dorsal tongue behind circumvallete papillae

Pharyngeal tonsils are found behind the uvula on superior and posterior walls of nasopharynx forming an incomplete ring of tissue called

Waldeyers ring

It’s common for pharyngeal tonsils to become enlarged in children and is referred to as

Adenoids

The nasal cavity is lined by

Respiratory mucosa

Nasal cavity is lined by a respiratory mucosa which is

Ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

Goblet cells secret what

Mucin

Lamina propria in the nasal cavity is very vascular and does what

Warms air we breathe

Specialized area that carries receptors for the sense of

Sense of smell

4 pairs of paranasal sinuses

Frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal and maxillary sinuses

Paranasal sinuses function

Lighten skull bones, add resonance to the voice and moisten the nasal cavity

Exocrine glands are classified into 4 characteristics which are

Duct system Shape of secretory unit Mode of secretion Nature of secretion

A simple duct

Is one duct which does not branch

Branching of duct where the secretory unit empties into small ducts and these join to form larger ones

Compound duct

Shape of secretory unit can be

Unicellular or multicellular

Unicellular examples

Goblet cells

Multicellular examples

Tubular Alveolar

3 modes of secretion for exocrine glands

Merocrine glands Apocrine glands Holocrine glands

Merocrine glands secrete product through

Free surface, no loss of cytoplasm/cell (Exocytosis) Ex. Salivary glands

Apocrine glands secrete small amounts of

Cytoplasm with secretory product Apical portion pinches off and detaches Ex. Mammary glands

Holocrine glands

The entire cell discharged as secretion Ex sebaceous glands

3 types of secretion

Serous Mucous Mixed

Clear watery protein that contains digestive enzyme amylase

Serous secretion

Cloudy, mucin (glycoproteins) with water

Mucous

Mixed secretion is a mixture of

Mixture of serous and mucous fluid

Acinus consists of a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells surrounding a ___ where the ___ is deposited after being produced by the secretory cells

Lumen (central opening) Saliva

Salivary glands are compound tubular- alveolar _____ glands

Merocrine

All compound salivary glands are surrounded by ____ which provides ____ for the lobes

A capsule of connective tissue Support

The duct attached to an acinus (terminal part of the duct) is called

Intercalated duct

Intercalated ducts are lined with simple cuboidal epithelium and they are cells that do not

Produce secretions, only serve as a passageway for saliva

Striated ducts are connected to intercalated ducts and lined with simple columnar epithelium. They serve as

A passageway for saliva Cells resorb and excrete electrolytes

Excretory/secretory ducts starts as pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium then changes to ____. But it ends as _____ epithelium in the oral cavity

Stratified cuboidal Ends as stratified squamous

Major salivary glands carry their secretion some distance in the oral cavity by a main duct and secrete approximately ___% of

90% of the saliva

Minor salivary glands empty their products

Directly into the oral cavity by short ducts

Both major and minor salivary glands are composed of either serous or mucous cells or a combination of both which is called

Serous demilunes

3 major salivary glands

Parotid Submandibular Sublingual

Parotid salivary gland passes through duct known as

Stensons duct

The duct system of parotid salivary gland consists of

Long intercalated ducts and short striated ducts with basal striations

The parotid salivary gland secretion is mainly

Serous

Viral infection of the parotid gland

Mumps

The submandibular salivary gland duct is known as

Whartons duct

Submandibular gland total salivary volume

60-65%

The duct system of what salivary gland is short intercalated ducts with long striated ducts with basal striations

Submandibular salivary gland

Sublingual gland is the smallest major gland contributing to what % of total salivary volume

10%

Duct associated with the sublingual salivary gland

Bartholins duct

What kind of secretion mainly in sublingual duct

Mucous

How much saliva is produced by humans daily

About 640ml

Functions of saliva

Moistens food Begins digestion (amylase) Helps cleanse mouth Aids in swallowing Important in speech Regulates mouth ph

Accumulation of saliva in mucosa due to trauma to minor salivary ducts

Mucocele

Sialolith refers to

Small salivary stones that block salivary flow

Xerostomia is aka

Dry mouth

Oral mucosa is composed of what epithelium

Stratified squamous epithelium

What lies between the epithelium and lamina propria in the oral mucosa

Basement membrane

3 main types of oral mucosa

Lining mucosa Masticatory mucosa Specialized mucosa

Covers the floor of the mouth, buccal labial, alveolar, ventral surfaces of tongue and soft palate

Lining mucosa

Lining mucosa is made up of what kind of epithelium

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Lining mucosa contains what 2 things

Elastic fibers (moveable base) Submucosa (compression of tissue during chewing speech and swallowing

Masticatory mucosa is what kind of epithelial tissue

Parakeratinized

Covers attached gingiva dorsal surface of tongue and hard palate

Masticatory mucosa

Gingiva is divided into (3)

Free gingiva Attached gingiva Interdental papilla

Ankyloglossia

Tongue tied

Dorsal surface 4 types of papillae

Filiform Fungiform Foliate Circumvallete

Filiform papillae look like? Do they have taste buds?

Fine pointed cones No taste buds

Fungiform papillae appear as? Function?

Reddish dots Taste sensation

Function of foliate papillae

Taste sensation

Circumvallete papillae location Function?

Von ebners glands Taste sensation

Taste buds are found in the oral epithelium mainly the tongue but some on?

Soft palate

Highest turnover time (4-6days)

Junctional epithelium

Lowest turnover time (24days)

Hard palate

Another term for laminate propria

Dermis

The submucosa of the cheek contains

Adipose tissue and minor salivary glands

Where can we find the lining mucosa

Buccal. Floor of the mouth Soft palate Alveolar mucosa

What type of epithelium is lining mucosa consist of

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Does Parakeratinized epithelium have a nuclei

Masticatory mucosa covers?

Hard palate Attached gingiva Dorsal surface of the tongue