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Biochem 2 all topics > Pentose phosphate pathway > Flashcards

Pentose phosphate pathway Flashcards

1
Q

What does the pentose phosphate pathway make

A

Ribose-5-phosphate

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2
Q

What is the starting materal for pentose phosphate pathway

A

Glucose-6-phosphate

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3
Q

Where does pentose phospate pathway occur

A

Cytoplasm

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4
Q

What is the main enzyme of pentose phosphate pathway

A

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

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5
Q

What is ribose used for

A

Nirtogenous base

Converted into glycolosis intermediates

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6
Q

What are the potential products of Pentose phosphate pathway

A

Ribose-5-phosphate
2x NADPH + H

(can continue to form Glyceraldehyde-3-p and Fructose-6-p)

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7
Q

What is the difference between NADH and NADPH

A

NADH = Oxidized in ETC to make ATP

NADPH = electron donor

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8
Q

What do the oxidative reaction of pentose phosphate pathway make

A

NADPH

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9
Q

What are the individual steps in the pentose phosphate pathway

A

Dehydration
Hydrolysis
Oxidative decarboxylation
Isomerization

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10
Q

What is the enzyme used in the dehydrogenation reaction of the pentose phosphate pathway

A

Glucose-6-phophate dehydrogenase

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11
Q

What are the reactants of the dehydrogenation reaction of the PPP

A

Glucose-6-phosphate + NADP+

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12
Q

What are the products of the dehydrogenation reaction of the PPP

A

NADPH + 6-phosphoglucono lactone

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13
Q

What are the reactions of the PPP that produce NADPH

A

Dehydrogenation

Oxidative decarboxylation

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14
Q

What pathway is linked with the PPP

A

glycolosis

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15
Q

What is NADPH used for in the body

A

Reductive biosynthesis
detoxification
respiratory bursts
antioxidant reactions

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16
Q

What are the reductive biosynthesis pathways talked about in class that use NADPH

A

Building fat
Building Cholesterol
Building Steroid hormones
Building Bile salts

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17
Q

How does NADPH detoxify the body

A

Converts toxins into water soluble substances by adding electrons to water

Allows us to excrete it out

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18
Q

What enzyme is used in detoxification

A

Cytochrome P-450 mono-oxygenase system

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19
Q

What organ is Cytochrome P-450 mono-oxygenase found.

A

the liver

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20
Q

what organelle in liver cells is Cytochrome P-450 mono-oxygenase found

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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21
Q

Where does detoxification take place

A

Endoplasmic reticulum in liver cells

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22
Q

What does Cytochrome P-450 mono-oxygenase do

A

Convert the toxin into ROH from RH using NADPH

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23
Q

What is the purpose of respiratory burst

A

Create harsh chemistry to kill bad bacteria using NADPH

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24
Q

What does the respiratory burst do to white blood cells

A

Allows them to take up more oxygen

25
Q

What do NADPH and O2 combine to form during harsh chemisrty

A

HOCl

26
Q

What enzyme turns O2- into hydrogen peroxitde

A

Superoxide dismutase

27
Q

What enzyme turns hydrogen peroxide into HOCl (hypochlorous acid)

A

Myeloperoxidase

28
Q

How does NADPH help in antioxidant regenration

A

Adding electrons to antioxidants so they can keep protecting body from free radicals

29
Q

What is the job of antioxidents

A

Inihibit oxidation and counteracts damaging effects of oxidation in body tissue

30
Q

What is a free radical

A

Atom or molecule that has one or more unpaired electrons

31
Q

What is the reactive part of a free radical

A

The unpaired free electron

32
Q

What is ROS and RNS

A 
ROS = Reactive oxygen species
RNS = Reactive nitrogen species
33
Q

Do reactive species have free radicals

A

No always

34
Q

What are the reactive species discussed in class

A 
Superoxide radical
Hydrogen peroxide
Hydroxyl radical
Carbon-centered peroxides
Single molecular oxygen
35
Q

What can generate Reactive species

A 
Smog
Ozone
Chemicals
Drugs
Radiation
High O2 concentration
36
Q

What are the most common radicals

A

Superoxide O2-
hydrogen peroxide H2O2
Hydroxyl OH

37
Q

What do free radicals attack

A

Polyunsaturated fat in phospholipids
Protein in cells
Nucleic acids in DNA

38
Q

What is quenching

A

Process by which electronically excited m/c are inactivated

39
Q

What happens to antioxidents when free radicals are quenched

A

They become oxidized

40
Q

What is regeration

A

Process by which the antioxidant’s reducing power is restored

41
Q

What happens when antioxidents are regenrated

A

They are reduced

42
Q

What do antioxidants do

A

They give electrons free radicals to protect protein, fat and DNA

43
Q

What regenerated Antioxidants

A

NADPH gives electrons to antioxidants

44
Q

What enzymes can also quench free radicals

A

Superoxide dismutase
Catalase
Gultathione peroxidase

45
Q

What does superoxide dismutase quench

A

Superoxide

46
Q

What does Catalase quench

A

Hydrogen peroxide

47
Q

What does glutathione peroxidase

A

Hydrogen peroxide

48
Q

What is the location of Superoxide dismutase

A

Extracellular
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria

49
Q

What is the function of superoxide dismutase

A

Eliminate superoxide

Produce hydrogen peroxide

50
Q

What causes a superoxide radical

A

Addition of an electoron to molecular oxygen

51
Q

is a superoxide radical lipid soluble

A

No,

52
Q

How is superoxide dismutase produced in the mitochondrial production

A

it is formed in the ETC

53
Q

Where is catalase located

A

Mostly in cell peroxisomes

54
Q

What does catalase require to function

A

Iron

55
Q

What is the fuction of catalase

A

Eliminate hydrogen peroxide

56
Q

What cells have lots of catalase

A

Neutrophils

57
Q

What enzyme removes most of the hydrogen peroxide

A

Glutathineperoxidase

58
Q

What is a problem associated with Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

A

Cannot detoxify oxidizing compounds

Biochem 2 all topics (14 decks)

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