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Biochem 2 all topics > Amino Acid metabolism > Flashcards

Amino Acid metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Why would we break down amino acids

A

Protein turnover
Protein rich diet
Starvation/uncontrolled diabetes

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2
Q

Are amino acids stored in the body?

A

No

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3
Q

How to we get amino acids

A

Dietary
Synthesized
Protein degradation

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4
Q

What are the two steps in catabolizing excess amino acids

A

Step1: Removal of Nitrogen (amino group)
Step2: Carbon skeleton

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5
Q

Where are free amino acids found

A

Cells
Blood
Extracellular fluid

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6
Q

What happens to amino acids in a low energy situation

A

Amino Acids are oxidized to make ATP

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7
Q

What happens to amino acids in a low glucose state

A

AA sent to liver and turned into glucose

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8
Q

What happens to AA in high energy/lots of glucose

A

AA sent to liver and turned into fat

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9
Q

What can AA be made into

A 
ATP
Glucose
Fat
Protein
Nitrogen compounds
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10
Q

How many AA can muscles oxidize?

A

6

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11
Q

How many AA can the liver oxidize

A

20

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12
Q

What is AA oxidation

A

Break down of AA into ATP

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13
Q

What is an AA first broken down to during catabolism

A 
Amino Group
Carbon Skeleton (a-Keto acid)
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14
Q

What is the fate of the amino group of an AA

A

Urea and excreated

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15
Q

What is the fate of the carbon skeleton of an AA

A

ATP
Glucose
FA

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16
Q

What is the reaction that removes the Amino group of an AA? What enzyme is involved

A

Rxn: Transamination

Enzyme: Aminotransferases

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17
Q

What is the Amino group of an AA transfered to

A

A-ketogluterate

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18
Q

What are the reactants and products of Transaminoation

A

AA + a-ketogluterate
To
Keto acid + Glutamate

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19
Q

What is the importance of Glutamate in the body

A

It is used as a Amino Donor in bio-synthetic pathways

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20
Q

What determines the fate of a-keto acid

A 
Energy charge
Hormones
Repiratory quotient
Glucose concentration
The tissue it is in
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21
Q

Where are most AA metabolized

A

The Liver

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22
Q

What transports AA to the liver

A

Glutamine

Alanine

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23
Q

What do you get when you combine Glutamate/Glutamine with a-ketoacid

A

a-ketogluterate (metabolite of krebs)

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24
Q

What do you get when you combine Alanine and a-ketoacid

A

Pyruvate (end metabolite of glycolosis)

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25
Q

What do you get when you combine Aspartate and a-ketoacid

A

Oxaloacetate (Kreb cycle intermediate)

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26
Q

Where is Glutamate produced? Where is Glutamine produced

A

Glutamate: Liver (AA–>a-ketogluterate–>Glutamate)

Glutamine: Extrahepatic tissues

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27
Q

What AA make up the highest concentration in the liver

A

Glutamine

Glutamate

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28
Q

Where is Glutamate in the liver transfered to in the liver

A

Cytosol to the mitochondria

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29
Q

What type of reaction removes the amino group off of Glutamate

A

Oxidative damination

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30
Q

What it produced from Oxidative deamination of Glutamate

A

NH4 (Ammonia)

a-Ketogluterate

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31
Q

What is the main transporter of Ammonia in the body

A

Glutamine

Glutamate+NH3–>Glutamine

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32
Q

How does muscle act as a Nitrogen donor

A

Muscle uses AA for Nitrogen to make Glutamine for export

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33
Q

What are the nitrogen donors in skeletal muscle

A 
Leucine
Isoleucine
Valine
Glutamate
Aspartate
Asparagine
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34
Q

What enzyme turns glutamate into glutamine in muscles

A

Glutamine synthetase

NH3+glutamate—>Glutamine

35
Q

What enzyme hydrolyzes glutamine into glutamate

A

Glutaminase

Glutamine–>glutamate+NH3

36
Q

What are the two systems that need nitrogen from gluatamine?

A

Digestive system

Immune system

37
Q

How to skeletal muscles produce alanine

A

Muscles give amino group from glutamate to pyruvate –>Alanine

38
Q

What enzyme transferes the amio group from glutamate to pyruvate

A

Alanine aminotransferase

39
Q

What does Alanine aminotransferase differ in liver and muscles

A

Muscles: lots of pyruvate –> pushes rxn to make alanine

Liver: lots of alanine from muscles –> pushes rxn to make pyruvate

40
Q

What is the steps in the muscles+liver of Glucose -alanine cycle

A

Muscles: Glucose –> Pyruvate –> Alanine –> Liver

Liver: Alanine –> Pyruvate –> glucose –> Muscles

41
Q

What cycle is used to turn alanine into glucose in the liver

A

Gluconeogenesis

42
Q

what percentage of energy does alanine provide during exercise

A

5%

43
Q

Where do the carbons in alanine come from?

A

Mucles glycogen

44
Q

What enzyme transfers the amino group from glutamate to oxaloacetate. What is formed

A

Enz: Aspartate aminotransferase

Prod: Aspartate

45
Q

What is aspartate used for

A

Transporting Malate in and out of the mitochondria

46
Q

What happens to excess nitrogen that is not used

A

liver converts it into urea and it is excreated

47
Q

Why does nitrogen go to the liver

A

1) You have eaten too much protein

2) you are in gluconeogeneis

48
Q

What are the two enzymes in the liver that are entry points for aa to be converted into urea

A

Glutamate dehydrogenase

Aspartate aminotransferase

49
Q

What does the free NH3 in the liver need to be turned into in order to enter the urea cycle? What enzyme does it

A

Product: Carbamyol Phosphate

Enz: Carbamoyl Phosphatase

50
Q

What is the first step in the urea cycle

A

Carbamoyl phosphate + L-Ornithine –> L-citrulline

51
Q

What enzyme is used in the first step of the urea cycle

A

Ornithine transcarbamoylase

52
Q

What is the second step in the urea cycle

A

L-Citrulline –> Argininosuccinate

53
Q

What enzyme is used in the second step of the urea cycle

A

Argininosuccinate

54
Q

What AA provides a second nitrogen during the second step of the urea cycle

A

Aspartate

55
Q

What is the third step in the urea cycle

A

Argininosuccinate –> L-arginine

56
Q

What enzyme is used in the third step of the urea cycle

A

Arginiosuccinate lyase

57
Q

What is a by-product of the third step of the urea cycle

A

Fumarate

58
Q

What is the 4th step of the urea cycle

A

L-Arginine –> L-ornithine

59
Q

What step of the urea cycle produces urea

A

step 4

L-arginine –> L-Ornithine

60
Q

What enzyme is used to turn L-arginine into –> L-Ornithine

A

Arginase

61
Q

Where does some of the urea produced by the urea cycle diffuse into

A

GI tract and excreted in feces

62
Q

How many nitrogens are on urea

A

2
One from aspartate
one from free NH3

63
Q

What happens to the concentration of Glutamate and alanine in blood plasma during exercise

A

Glutamate = Decrease

Alanine = Increase

64
Q

How much can ATP turn over increase during exercise. What does this mean for the cell?

A

100 fold

Kreb cycle intermediates need to increase 4-10 fold

65
Q

What are the Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAA’s)

A

Leucine
Isoleucine
Valine

66
Q

What AA constitute 90% of muscles AA uptake after a meal

A

Leucine,
Isoleucine,
Valine

67
Q

How much does glutamine release increase after a meal

A

It doubles

68
Q

What amino acids are released in an amounts less than what is taken in

A

BCAA’s
Glutamate
Aspartate
Asparagine

69
Q

What amino acids are released in an amount more than what is taken in

A

Alanine

Glutamine

70
Q

What step of the urea cycle produces urea

A

step 4

L-arginine –> L-Ornithine

71
Q

What enzyme is used to turn L-arginine into –> L-Ornithine

A

Arginase

72
Q

Where does some of the urea produced by the urea cycle diffuse into

A

GI tract and excreted in feces

73
Q

How many nitrogens are on urea

A

2
One from aspartate
one from free NH3

74
Q

What happens to the concentration of Glutamate and alanine in blood plasma during exercise

A

Glutamate = Decrease

Alanine = Increase

75
Q

How much can ATP turn over increase during exercise. What does this mean for the cell?

A

100 fold

Kreb cycle intermediates need to increase 4-10 fold

76
Q

What are the Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAA’s)

A

Leucine
Isoleucine
Valine

77
Q

What AA constitute 90% of muscles AA uptake after a meal

A

Leucine,
Isoleucine,
Valine

78
Q

How much does glutamine release increase after a meal

A

It doubles

79
Q

What amino acids are released in amounts less than what is taken in

A

BCAA’s
Glutamate
Aspartate
Asparagine

80
Q

What amino acids are released in amount more than what is taken in

A

Alanine

Glutamine

81
Q

When are amino acids turned into glucose

A

Starvation
Low carb intake
Exercise

82
Q

What two amino acids can not be turned into glucose

A

Leucine

Lysine

83
Q

How are amino acids turned into fat

A

AA –> a-ketogluterate –> acetyl CoA

Biochem 2 all topics (14 decks)

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