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Biochem 2 all topics > Gluconeogenesis > Flashcards

Gluconeogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

When does gluconeogenesis occur

A

Blood glucose is low

I.e Starvation, no carbs, exercise

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2
Q

What hormone stimulates gluconeogenesis

A

Glucagon

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3
Q

During starvation what is used to make glucose

A

Primary amino acids

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4
Q

during low/no carbs what is used to make glucose

A

Primary amino acids

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5
Q

During exercise what is used to make glucose

A

Lactic acid and alanine

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6
Q

What are the main non-carbohydrate precursors for glucose

A

Lactic acid
a-keto acids
glycerol

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7
Q

What are the entry metabolites for gluconeogenesis

A

Pyruvate
Oxaloacetate
DHAP

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8
Q

How much glucose does the brain need a day

A

100 grams (400 kcal)

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9
Q

What accounts for 60-70% of our resting energy expenditure in adults

A

Brain
Liver
Heart
Kidneys

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10
Q

What is the main location for gluconeogenesis

A

the liver

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11
Q

what are the three irreversible reactions of glycolosis

A

Hexokinase
Phosphofructokinase
Pyruvate kinase

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12
Q

What is the first step in gluconeogenesis

A

Turn pyruvate into Phosphoenolpyruvate

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13
Q

how is pyruvate turned into PEP

A

Pyruvate–>Oxaloacetate–>PEP

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14
Q

Where in the liver does pyruvate get turned into PEP

A

The mitochondria

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15
Q

How does oxaloacetate exit the mitochondria

A

It gets converted into malate (carnatine shuffle)

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16
Q

What enzyme converts pyruvate into oxaloacetate

A

Pyruvate carboxylase

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17
Q

What co-enzyme is required to run pyruvate carboxylase

A

Biotin

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18
Q

What enzyme converts oxaloacetate into PEP

A

PEP carboxykinase

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19
Q

What regulates the activity of pyruvate carboxylase

A

Acetyl CoA produced during FA oxidation

20
Q

What co-factor is required for PEP carboxykinase

A

Magnesium

21
Q

What is different in the first step of gluconeogenesis if Lactate is the precursor.

A

PEP is made in the mitochondria instead of the cytosol. PEP will then be transported out of the mitochondria into the cytosol

22
Q

What high energy compounds are needed to convert Pyruvate to PEP

A

ATP (Pyruvate–>OAA)

GTP (OAA–>PEP)

23
Q

What is the reason for the malate shuttle

A

To produce NADH to be used as a reducing power in further reactions

24
Q

What is the second obstacle of gluconeogenesis

A

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate –> Fructose-6-phosphate

25
Q

What enzyme converts Fructose -1,6-bisphosphate into fructose-6-phosphate

A

fructose-1,6-biphosphatase

26
Q

What co-factor is required for Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

A

Magnesium

27
Q

What is the third obstacle of gluconeogenesis

A

Glucose-6-phosphate –> glucose

28
Q

What enzyme converts glucose-6-phosphate into glucose

A

glucose-6-phosphatase

29
Q

What co-factor is needed for glucose-6-phosphatse

A

Magnesium

30
Q

To form a glucose from pyruvate, how much energy is used

A

4 ATP
2 GTP
2 NADH

31
Q

What are the gluconeogenic substrates

A

Glycerol
Lactic acid
a-ketoacids (from AA)

32
Q

What is glycerol found in the body

A

The backbone of triglycerides

33
Q

Is glycerol a major source for making glucose

A

No

34
Q

What are the steps to convert glycerol into a usable substate for gluconeogenesis

A

Glycerol –>glycerolphosphate–>DHAP

35
Q

What is the cycle that converts lactic acid into glucose

A

Cori cycle

36
Q

Where is lactic acid converted into glucose

A

The liver

37
Q

Where is lactic acid accumulated during exercise

A

Skeletal muscles

38
Q

What is the carbon skeleton of amino acids

A

a-ketoacids

39
Q

What stimulates the conversion of amino acids into glucose

A

starvation or low carbohydrate intake

40
Q

What is the glucose-alanine cycle

A

Glutamate + Pyruvate = alanine (in muscles)

alanine moved to liver

Alanine + a-ketoacid = glutamate + pyruvate

Pyruvate –> glucose

Glucose to mucles

41
Q

What hormone inhibits gluconeogenesis

A

Insulin

42
Q

What hormone stimulates gluconeogenesis

A

glucagon

43
Q

What affect does fructose-2,6-bisphosphate have on gluconeogenesis

A

It inhibits its (inhibits fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

Stimulates glycolosis (stimulate PFK)

44
Q

What things stimulate gluconeogensis

A

Glucagon
Acetyl CoA
Citrate

45
Q

What inhibit gluconeogenesis

A

Glucose
Insulin
AMP, ADP
Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

46
Q

What stimulate glycolosis

A 
Glucose
Insulin
AMP, ADP
NAD+
Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
47
Q

What inhibit Glycolosis

A 
ATP
NADH
Glucagon
Pyruvate
Lactate
Alanine
Citrate

Biochem 2 all topics (14 decks)

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