Fatty Acid Synthesis

Question 1

When do you produce fat

Answer 1

When you consume excess carbohydrates

Question 2

What two mechanisms transport glucose into the cell

Answer 2

Sodium independent facilitated transport

Sodium-monosaccharide co-transport

Question 3

What are the two transport proteins that transport glucose

Answer 3

Glut 2

Glut 4

Question 4

What glucose transport protein moves glucose into the liver

Answer 4

Glut 2

Question 5

What glucose transporter moves glucose into muscles

Answer 5

Glut 4

Question 6

What glucose transporter is regulated by insulin

Answer 6

Glut 4

Question 7

What is the function of GLUT2

Answer 7

transport glucose, galactose, fructose into liver

Question 8

What is the function of GLUT4

Answer 8

Transport glucose into mucles and adipose tissue

Question 9

What type of transportation is associated with Glut4

Answer 9

Facilitated diffusion

Question 10

During exercise of insulin how much glucose intake is done by muscles

Answer 10

90%

Question 11

What does exercise do to the number of Glut4 proteins

Answer 11

increases the number on skeletal muscle

Question 12

How long does glut4 stay on the surface of skeletal muscle post exercise

Answer 12

1-2 hours

Question 13

What happens when the muscle is full of glycogen?

Answer 13

Glucose is transported to adipose tissue when insulin is active

Question 14

how do muscles stop glucose from entering

Answer 14

High glucose inhibits PFK which inhibits hexokinase.

This causes accumulation of glucose and prevents facilitated diffusion

Question 15

Having a high glucose allows what liver enzyme to become active?

Answer 15

Glucokinase

Question 16

What causes a threefold increase of liver glycogen synthesis

Answer 16

Low-does Fructose

Question 17

What happens to fructose that is taken in

Answer 17

Liver likes furctose and take it in
Fructose stimulates glucokinase
Liver produces more Acetyl CoA and ATP

Question 18

what is fat stored as

Answer 18

Triacylglycerol

Question 19

where is the pathway for fatty acid synthesis located

Answer 19

Liver

Also in
Lactating mammary gland
Adipose tissue

Question 20

where in the cell is fatty acid synthesis

Answer 20

Cell Cytosol

Question 21

How does Actyl CoA get from the mitochondria into the cytosol

Answer 21

Oxaloacetate+Acetyl CoA –> Citrate

Citrate spills over into the cytosol

Question 22

what enzyme in the cytosol turns citrate into acetyl CoA

Answer 22

Citrate lyase

Needs ATP

Question 23

What happens to acetyl CoA when it is in the cytosol

Answer 23

Turns into malonyl CoA via Acetyl CoA carboxylase

Uses ATP

Question 24

What is the rate limiting step of Fatty Acid synthesis

Answer 24

Conversion of Acetyl CoA into Malonyl CoA

Question 25

What stimulates Acetyl CoA carboxylase

Answer 25

Citrate | insulin

Question 26

What inactivates Acetyl CoA carboxylase

Answer 26

Long chain fatty acyl CoA AMPK phosphorylates and inactivates it Malonyl CoA Palmitiate Epinephrine GLucagon

Question 27

What would a diet high in carbs/calories do to ACC

Answer 27

increase ACC synthesis | Increase FA synthesis

Question 28

What would a low cal/high fat diet do to ACC

Answer 28

Decrease ACC synthesis | Decrease FA synthesis

Question 29

What does insulin do to ACC

Answer 29

increase responce Increase ACC synth Increase FA synth

Question 30

What does the drug Metformin do for type 2 diabetics

Answer 30

Inhibits ACC Activates AMPK inhibits FA synthesis Lowers blood glucose

Question 31

What is the multienzyme complex involved in FA synthesis

Answer 31

Fatty Acid Synthase

Question 32

What protein in Fatty Acid Synthase carries an Acyl group

Answer 32

Acyl Carrier Protein (ACP)

Question 33

What are the seven steps involved in FA synthesis

Answer 33

``` ACP grabs Acetyl ACP transfers aceyl to holding site ACP grabs malonyl Acetyl and malonyl combine Ketone is converted to alcohol Water removed Molecule is reduced ```

Question 34

What enzyme transfers Acetyl group to ACP

Answer 34

Acetyl CoA-ACP acetyltransacylase

Question 35

What enzyme transfers Malonyl group to ACP

Answer 35

Malonyl-CoA-ACP- transacylase

Question 36

After the acetyl and malonyl group are gathered, what are the next 4 reaction (general)

Answer 36

Condensation Reduction Dehydration Reduction

Question 37

What happens during the condensation reaction in FA synthesis

Answer 37

Acetyl-ACP + Malonyl-ACP --> Acetoacetyl-ACP Combine acetyl and Malonyl to Acetoacetyl

Question 38

What enzyme is needed for the condensation reaction of FA synthesis

Answer 38

B-ketoacyl-ACP Synthase

Question 39

What happens in the first reduction reaction of FA synthesis

Answer 39

Acetoacetyl-ACP --> D-3-Hydroxybutyryl-ACP

Question 40

What enzyme is need for the first reduction reaction of FA synthesis

Answer 40

B-Ketoacyl-ACP Reductase

Question 41

What happens in the Dehydration reaction of FA Synthesis

Answer 41

D-3-Hydroxybutyryl-ACP --> Crontonyl-ACP

Question 42

What enzyme is needed for the dehydration reaction of FA synthesis

Answer 42

B-hydroxyacyl-ACP Dehydratase

Question 43

What happens in the second reduction reaction in FA synthesis

Answer 43

Crontonyl-ACP --> Butyryl-ACP

Question 44

What enzyme is needed for the second reduction reaction in FA synthesis

Answer 44

Enoyl-ACP Reductase

Question 45

When does growth of a FA stop during FA synthesis

Answer 45

when it hits 16 carbons | Palmitate 16:0

Question 46

What enzyme removes Palmitate from Fatty Acid Synthase

Answer 46

Palmitoyl Thioesterase

Question 47

What reactions of Fatty Acid synthesis require NADPH

Answer 47

ALL the reduction reactions

Question 48

What enzyme group elongates palmitate. does it need anything

Answer 48

Elongases Required NADPH

Question 49

What enzyme group adds double bonds to Palmitate

Answer 49

Desaturases

Question 50

Humans are unable to make double bonds past what carbon?

Answer 50

9-10th carbon

Question 51

What are the key enzymes in FA synthesis

Answer 51

Citrate lyase Acetyl CoA Carboxylase FA synthase

Question 52

Does FA synthesis consume ATP

Answer 52

Yes

Question 53

Does FA synthesis use NADPH or NADH

Answer 53

NADPH