Fat Burning Flashcards
What is the Fat
16:0
Palmitic acid
What is the Fat
18:0
Stearic Acid
What is the Fat
20:4w6
Arachidonic acid
What is the Fat
20:5w3
EPA
What is the Fat
22:6w3
DHA
What is the Fat
18:2w6
Linoleic Acid
What is the Fat
18:3w3
Linolenic Acid
What is the fat
20:4w6
Arachidonic Acid
What is the Fat
18:1w9
Oleic Acid
What is the simple definition of an Acyl
Fatty acid attached to something
What type of fat (saturated/unsaturated) is on the 1 position of a triacylglycerol
Saturated
What type of fat (saturated/unsaturated) is on the 2 position of a triacylglycerol
Unsaturated
What type of fat (saturated/unsaturated) is on the 3 position of a triacylglycerol
Either saturated or unsaturated
What are the characteristics of a Triglyceride
Its reduced
Anhydrous
9Kcal/gram
What are the names of the lipases to go from TAG to Glycerol
TAG
DAG
MAG
LCFA + Glycerol
What enzyme turns a TAG into a DAG
Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL)
What enzyme turns a DAG into a MAG
Hormose sensitive lipase (HSL)
What enzyme turns MAG into LCFA + glycerol
monoacylglycerol lipase
What is LPL
lipoprotein lipase
it is an Extracellular enzyme
What do LPL do
Hydrolyze TAGs at the surface of capillaries (FA + glycerol)
What cells produce LPL
muscles
Fat cells
how do muscles use LPL
oxidize FA+glycerol for energy
How do adipose tissues use LPL
Re-esterifi FA into TAG
What increases LPL concentration in muscles
Exercise (increases it 10-20 fold)
What does liver convert excess fatty acids into
VLDL
Where are lipid droplets found
Almost every kind of cell
How are the majority of TAG’s stored
Subcutaneous and Visceral adipose tissue
What type of muscle fiber stores more fat? How much more does it store
Type 1 (aerobic) stores 2-3 times more fat than Type II
What is IMTG
intramuscluar triglycerides
Fat storage in muscles if there is lots of available fat
IMTG is reduced by how much following two hours of cycling exercise performed at 60% VO2 Max
60% reduction
How long does it take for repletion of IMTG post aerobic exercise
72 hours
How long does it take for IMTG to replenish post resistance exercise
Within a few hours
What population has low IMTG concentration and moderate insulin sensitivity
Normal popuations
What population has an elevated oxidative capacity, highter IMTG concentration and greater insulin sensitivity
Athletes
What population have higher IMTG concentrations and low insulin sensitvity
Obese individuals
What two hormones are responsible breaking down TAG
Epinephrine and Glucagon
What body conditions induce production of Epinephrine and Glucagon
Low energy
Low blood sugar
What are the secondary messengers that Epinephrine and glucagon stimulate
Adenylyl cyclase
cAMP
AMP kinase (PKA)
Hormone sensitive lipase
What inhibits ATGL and deactivates HSL
Insulin
What is the fate of glycerol
TAG synthesis
Phospholipid synthesis
DHAP
How many fatty acids can albumin carry
10 free fatty acids per albumin
What is the order of reactions for FA oxidation in the mitochondria
Oxidation Hydration Oxidation Thiolysis (OHOT)
Any fatty acid entering a muscle must be transported by what molecule to the mitochondria
Chaperone (FABPc)
How is a fatty acid “activated” so that it can enter the mitochondria
By adding acyl CoA to it
where in a cell is a fatty acid activated
Outer mitochondrial membrane
Does activation of a fatty acid require ATP
yes
ATP –> AMP + PPi
What enzyme add a Acyl CoA to a fatty acid?
Acyl CoA synthetase
What enzyme is used during the rate limiting step of fatty acid oxidation?
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT)
What inhibits CPT
Malonyl-CoA
What does CPT do
it transports an activated fatty acid from the outer mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix
What are the 4 step (rxn’s) involved in B-Oxidation
Oxidation
Hydration
Oxidation
Thiolysis
What enzyme is used during the first Oxidation step of Beta-oxidation? Is energy made?
Acyl CoA dehydrogenase
FAD–>FADH2 (energy made)
What enzyme is used during the Hydration step of B-Oxidation
Enoyl CoA Hydratase
What enzyme is used at the second oxidation step of B-oxidation? is energy made
L-3-Hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase
NAD–>NADH + H (energy made)
What enzyme is used during the thiolysis step of B-Oxidation
B-ketothiolase
What are the products of the Thiolysis reaction
Acyl CoA (original fatty acid -2 carbons) Acetyl CoA
What are the end results of B-Oxidation
1 FADH2
1 NADH
Acetyl CoA –> Krebs
Acyl CoA –> re-enter B-oxidation
What is the difference in B-oxidation when oxidizing a unsaturated fatty acid
Require 2 more enzymes
Reductase
Isomerase
What are the Steps involved in B-Oxidation of a unsaturated Fatty Acid
Oxidation Reductase Isomerase Hydration Oxidation Thiolysis
What enzyme is used during the reduction step of b-oxidation of an unsaturated fatty acid? is energy used of made)
2,4-dienoyl CoA reductase
NADPH+H—>NAHP (energy used)
What enzyme is used during the isomerase reaction of b-oxidation?
Isomerase
Why would a polyunsaturated fatty acid require one or two enzymes
One: Odd numbered double bonds = Isomerase
Two: Even numbered double bonds = Reductase and isomerase
When b-oxidation is done on an even chain fatty acid what molecule is left
Nothing is left
When b-oxidation is done on an odd-chain fatty acid what molecule is left
Propionyl CoA
What is Propionyl CoA turned into so it can enter the Krebs cycle
Succinyl CoA
What does CPT do
it transports an activated fatty acid from the outer mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix (Carnitine Shuttle)
What conditions in the liver will allow for b-oxidation or not allow it
Allow: Need energy
Not Allow: High energy = form TAG
What inhibits the second step of B-oxidation
High NADH/NAD ratio
What inhibits thiolase
High concentration of Acetyl CoA
What stimulates b-oxidation
Hormones (Epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucagon)
AMP (cAMP
Low energy
What inhibits b-oxidation
Hormones (insulin) High Glucose High energy High NADH/NAD Malonyl CoA
What is Hormone sensitive Lipase inhibited by
Insulin
What medical condition would strongly inhibit HSL thus reducing b-oxidation and elevating ATGL in muscles
Type 2 Diabeties
TAG)ATGL–>HSL–>MGL(LCFA
