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Biochem 2 all topics > Fat Burning > Flashcards

Fat Burning Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Fat

16:0

A

Palmitic acid

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2
Q

What is the Fat

18:0

A

Stearic Acid

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3
Q

What is the Fat

20:4w6

A

Arachidonic acid

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4
Q

What is the Fat

20:5w3

A

EPA

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5
Q

What is the Fat

22:6w3

A

DHA

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6
Q

What is the Fat

18:2w6

A

Linoleic Acid

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7
Q

What is the Fat

18:3w3

A

Linolenic Acid

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8
Q

What is the fat

20:4w6

A

Arachidonic Acid

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9
Q

What is the Fat

18:1w9

A

Oleic Acid

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10
Q

What is the simple definition of an Acyl

A

Fatty acid attached to something

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11
Q

What type of fat (saturated/unsaturated) is on the 1 position of a triacylglycerol

A

Saturated

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12
Q

What type of fat (saturated/unsaturated) is on the 2 position of a triacylglycerol

A

Unsaturated

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13
Q

What type of fat (saturated/unsaturated) is on the 3 position of a triacylglycerol

A

Either saturated or unsaturated

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of a Triglyceride

A

Its reduced
Anhydrous
9Kcal/gram

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15
Q

What are the names of the lipases to go from TAG to Glycerol

A

TAG
DAG
MAG
LCFA + Glycerol

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16
Q

What enzyme turns a TAG into a DAG

A

Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL)

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17
Q

What enzyme turns a DAG into a MAG

A

Hormose sensitive lipase (HSL)

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18
Q

What enzyme turns MAG into LCFA + glycerol

A

monoacylglycerol lipase

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19
Q

What is LPL

A

lipoprotein lipase

it is an Extracellular enzyme

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20
Q

What do LPL do

A

Hydrolyze TAGs at the surface of capillaries (FA + glycerol)

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21
Q

What cells produce LPL

A

muscles

Fat cells

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22
Q

how do muscles use LPL

A

oxidize FA+glycerol for energy

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23
Q

How do adipose tissues use LPL

A

Re-esterifi FA into TAG

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24
Q

What increases LPL concentration in muscles

A

Exercise (increases it 10-20 fold)

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25
Q

What does liver convert excess fatty acids into

A

VLDL

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26
Q

Where are lipid droplets found

A

Almost every kind of cell

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27
Q

How are the majority of TAG’s stored

A

Subcutaneous and Visceral adipose tissue

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28
Q

What type of muscle fiber stores more fat? How much more does it store

A

Type 1 (aerobic) stores 2-3 times more fat than Type II

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29
Q

What is IMTG

A

intramuscluar triglycerides

Fat storage in muscles if there is lots of available fat

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30
Q

IMTG is reduced by how much following two hours of cycling exercise performed at 60% VO2 Max

A

60% reduction

31
Q

How long does it take for repletion of IMTG post aerobic exercise

A

72 hours

32
Q

How long does it take for IMTG to replenish post resistance exercise

A

Within a few hours

33
Q

What population has low IMTG concentration and moderate insulin sensitivity

A

Normal popuations

34
Q

What population has an elevated oxidative capacity, highter IMTG concentration and greater insulin sensitivity

A

Athletes

35
Q

What population have higher IMTG concentrations and low insulin sensitvity

A

Obese individuals

36
Q

What two hormones are responsible breaking down TAG

A

Epinephrine and Glucagon

37
Q

What body conditions induce production of Epinephrine and Glucagon

A

Low energy

Low blood sugar

38
Q

What are the secondary messengers that Epinephrine and glucagon stimulate

A

Adenylyl cyclase
cAMP
AMP kinase (PKA)
Hormone sensitive lipase

39
Q

What inhibits ATGL and deactivates HSL

A

Insulin

40
Q

What is the fate of glycerol

A

TAG synthesis
Phospholipid synthesis
DHAP

41
Q

How many fatty acids can albumin carry

A

10 free fatty acids per albumin

42
Q

What is the order of reactions for FA oxidation in the mitochondria

A 
Oxidation
Hydration
Oxidation
Thiolysis
(OHOT)
43
Q

Any fatty acid entering a muscle must be transported by what molecule to the mitochondria

A

Chaperone (FABPc)

44
Q

How is a fatty acid “activated” so that it can enter the mitochondria

A

By adding acyl CoA to it

45
Q

where in a cell is a fatty acid activated

A

Outer mitochondrial membrane

46
Q

Does activation of a fatty acid require ATP

A

yes

ATP –> AMP + PPi

47
Q

What enzyme add a Acyl CoA to a fatty acid?

A

Acyl CoA synthetase

48
Q

What enzyme is used during the rate limiting step of fatty acid oxidation?

A

Carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT)

49
Q

What inhibits CPT

A

Malonyl-CoA

50
Q

What does CPT do

A

it transports an activated fatty acid from the outer mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix

51
Q

What are the 4 step (rxn’s) involved in B-Oxidation

A

Oxidation
Hydration
Oxidation
Thiolysis

52
Q

What enzyme is used during the first Oxidation step of Beta-oxidation? Is energy made?

A

Acyl CoA dehydrogenase

FAD–>FADH2 (energy made)

53
Q

What enzyme is used during the Hydration step of B-Oxidation

A

Enoyl CoA Hydratase

54
Q

What enzyme is used at the second oxidation step of B-oxidation? is energy made

A

L-3-Hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase

NAD–>NADH + H (energy made)

55
Q

What enzyme is used during the thiolysis step of B-Oxidation

A

B-ketothiolase

56
Q

What are the products of the Thiolysis reaction

A 
Acyl CoA (original fatty acid -2 carbons)
Acetyl CoA
57
Q

What are the end results of B-Oxidation

A

1 FADH2
1 NADH
Acetyl CoA –> Krebs
Acyl CoA –> re-enter B-oxidation

58
Q

What is the difference in B-oxidation when oxidizing a unsaturated fatty acid

A

Require 2 more enzymes
Reductase
Isomerase

59
Q

What are the Steps involved in B-Oxidation of a unsaturated Fatty Acid

A 
Oxidation
Reductase
Isomerase
Hydration
Oxidation
Thiolysis
60
Q

What enzyme is used during the reduction step of b-oxidation of an unsaturated fatty acid? is energy used of made)

A

2,4-dienoyl CoA reductase

NADPH+H—>NAHP (energy used)

61
Q

What enzyme is used during the isomerase reaction of b-oxidation?

A

Isomerase

62
Q

Why would a polyunsaturated fatty acid require one or two enzymes

A

One: Odd numbered double bonds = Isomerase

Two: Even numbered double bonds = Reductase and isomerase

63
Q

When b-oxidation is done on an even chain fatty acid what molecule is left

A

Nothing is left

64
Q

When b-oxidation is done on an odd-chain fatty acid what molecule is left

A

Propionyl CoA

65
Q

What is Propionyl CoA turned into so it can enter the Krebs cycle

A

Succinyl CoA

66
Q

What does CPT do

A

it transports an activated fatty acid from the outer mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix (Carnitine Shuttle)

67
Q

What conditions in the liver will allow for b-oxidation or not allow it

A

Allow: Need energy

Not Allow: High energy = form TAG

68
Q

What inhibits the second step of B-oxidation

A

High NADH/NAD ratio

69
Q

What inhibits thiolase

A

High concentration of Acetyl CoA

70
Q

What stimulates b-oxidation

A

Hormones (Epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucagon)
AMP (cAMP
Low energy

71
Q

What inhibits b-oxidation

A 
Hormones (insulin)
High Glucose
High energy
High NADH/NAD
Malonyl CoA
72
Q

What is Hormone sensitive Lipase inhibited by

A

Insulin

73
Q

What medical condition would strongly inhibit HSL thus reducing b-oxidation and elevating ATGL in muscles

A

Type 2 Diabeties

TAG)ATGL–>HSL–>MGL(LCFA

Biochem 2 all topics (14 decks)

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