Glycogen Degradation

Question 1

What uses glucose as an energy source

Answer 1

Brain
Blood Cells
Exercision Muscles

Question 2

What are some sources of glucose

Answer 2

Diet
Glycogen
Gluconeogenesis

Question 3

When will glycogen get broken down into glucose

Answer 3

Low Blood sugar

Exercising muscle

Question 4

What bonds are found in the “CHAINS” of glycogen

Answer 4

a(1-4)

Question 5

What bonds are found in the “BRANCHES” of glycogen

Answer 5

a(1-6)

Question 6

When will you find a branch in glycogen

Answer 6

every 10 glucose

Question 7

Why is glycogen branched

Answer 7

Increased solubility

Easier access to glucose

Question 8

Where would you store glycogen

Answer 8

Cytosol

Question 9

What compound is broken off of glycogen by glycogen phosphorylase

Answer 9

Glucose-1-phosphate

Question 10

What is the first enzyme used in glycogen degradation

Answer 10

Glycogen phosphorylase

Question 11

What enzyme turns glucose-1-phosphate into glucose-6-phosphate

Answer 11

phosphoglucomutase

Question 12

When does glycogen phosphorylase stop being able to degrade glycogen

Answer 12

When there are 4 glucose m/c left prior to a branch point

Question 13

What two enzymes are required to break down branches of glycogen

Answer 13

Glucosyl-4:4- Transferase

Amylo-a-1,6-glucosidase

Question 14

What enzyme removes the outer 3 glucose molecules of glycogen at a branch site

Answer 14

Glucosyl-4:4-transferase

Question 15

What enzyme removes the last glucose of glycogen at a branch site

Answer 15

Amylo-a-(1,6)-glucosidase

Question 16

What hormones regulate Glycogenolysis

Answer 16

Glucagon

Epinephrine

Question 17

What hormone regulates glycogenolysis in liver

Answer 17

Glucagon

Epinephrine

Question 18

What hormone regulates glycogenolysis in muscles

Answer 18

Epinephrine

Question 19

How does cAMP inactivate glycogen synthesis in the liver

Answer 19

cAMP activates Protein Kinase which inactivates Glycogen synthase a (turns it into Glycogen synthase b)

Question 20

What is the inactive form of glycogen synthase a

Answer 20

Glycogen synthase b

Question 21

How does cAMP activate glycogen break down in the liver

Answer 21

cAMP activates protein kinase which activates glygoen phosphorylase kinase which then activates glycogen phosphorylase b

Question 22

What is the active form of glycogen phosphorylase b

Answer 22

glycogen phosphorylase a

Question 23

does glucagon impact the liver or muscle

Answer 23

Muscle

Question 24

What ion binds to calmodulin (CaM) to activate phosphorylase kinase

Answer 24

Calcium

Question 25

How does calcium bind to CaM in muscles

Answer 25

Muscle contraction action potential has Ca in sarcoplasmic reticulum which binds to CaM

Question 26

What enzyme is activated by the Ca-CaM complex

Answer 26

Phosphorylase kinase

Question 27

How does Calcium bind to CaM in the liver

Answer 27

Epinephrine causes release of Calcium from ER into cytoplasm

Question 28

What increases glycogen phosphoylase

Answer 28

``` Low ATP High ADP/AMP Low glucose Glucagon (live) Muscle contractions (calcium) ```

Question 29

What increases glycogen synthase

Answer 29

Excess ATP High levels of glucose Insulin Low glycogen

Question 30

What are the enzymes involved in glycogen breakdown

Answer 30

``` Glycogen phosphorylase phosphoglucomutase glucosyl-4:4-transferase Amylo-a-1,6-glucosidase glucose-6-phosphatase ```