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Biochem 2 all topics > Glycogen synthesis > Flashcards

Glycogen synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the storage form of carbohydrate in animals

A

Glycogen

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2
Q

What are the primary storage sites of glycogen

A

Liver and skeletal muscle

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3
Q

What bonds are associated with the chain portion of glycogen

A

a(1-4)

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4
Q

What bonds are associated with the branch portion of the glycogen

A

a(1-6)

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5
Q

how often does glycogen branch

A

every 10 glucose

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6
Q

What is the maximum amount of glucose on a glycogen molecule

A

55,000

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7
Q

What form of glycogen is synthesized more rapidly following post exercise

A

Proglycogen

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8
Q

What form of glycogen is responsible for carbohydrate loading

A

Macroglycogen

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9
Q

What form of glycogen is synthesized for at least 48 hours post exercise

A

Macroglycogen

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10
Q

How many grams of glycogen can muscles store

A

400 grams

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11
Q

How many grams of glycogen can liver store

A

100 grams

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12
Q

Can skeletal muscle release glucose

A

No, but the liver can

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13
Q

Where in the cell is glycogen stored

A

Cytosol

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14
Q

what are the steps in making glycogen

A 
Phosphorylate glucose
make UDP glucose
Initiation
Elongation
Branching
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15
Q

What enzyme is used to phosphorylate glucose

A

Hexokinase (muscle)

Glucoginase (liver)

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16
Q

What anzyme is used to make UDP-glucose

A

pyrophosphatase

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17
Q

What happens in the initiation step

A

connect glucose to glycogenin

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18
Q

What enzyme elongates the glycogen chain by adding on glucose

A

Glycogen synthase

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19
Q

Starting with glucose what is it turned into to get to UDP glucose

A 
Glucose
Glucose 6P
Glucose 1P
Glucose UTP
Glucose UDP
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20
Q

What enzyme connects glucose to glycogenin and is responsible for initiation of glycogen synthesis

A

Glycogen initiator synthase

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21
Q

How much ATP is used to attach glucose to glycogen

A

3 ATP

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22
Q

What enzyme is responsible for forming the branches in glycogen

A

Glucosyl 4:6 Transferase

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23
Q

What are the main enzymes of glycogen synthesis

A 
Glycogen synthase (makes glycogen)
Glycogen phosphorylase (glycogen-->glucose)
24
Q

What stimulates glycogen synthesis

A

High ATP
High Glucose
Insulin
Low glycogen

25
Q

What stimulates glycogen phosphorylase (inhibit glycogen synthase)

A 
Low ATP
High ADP or AMP
Low Glucose
Glucagon
Muscle contration (calcium)
26
Q

What is a more potent regulator of glycogen synthase activity. Muscle glycogen concentration or insulin or muscle contration

A

Muscle glycogen concentration

27
Q

What happens to glycogen synthesis and insulin sensitivity post exercise

A

Increase

28
Q

What types of muscle fibers use up the most muscle glycogen

A

Type II fibers

29
Q

When is glycogen synthesis at its highest post exercise

A

30 min

30
Q

how much is glycogen synthesis reduced by 120 min after exercise

A

about 1/9th

31
Q

When is the rapid phase of glycogen synthesis

A

30-60 min post exercise

32
Q

What phase (rapid/slow) of glycogen synthesis is insulin independent

A

Rapid phase

33
Q

What needs to happen in order for the rapid phase of glycogen synthesis to occur

A

Low muscle glycogen levels

Carbs provided immediately after exercise

34
Q

What must the slow phase of glycogen synthesis have for it to happen

A

Carbohydrates and insulin

35
Q

How long does the slow phase (insulin dependent) last

A

3-48 hours after exercise

36
Q

What does adding carbohydrates post exercise do to glycogen synthesis

A

Increase insulin

Small increase in glycogen synthase activity.

37
Q

if post exercise carbohydrae ingestion is delayed by 2 hours, what is the decrease of glycogen synthesis rate

A

45% lower

This is not glycogen synthases activity it is the overall glucose to glycogen rxn

38
Q

What will be catabolized to make glycogne if you do not eat after exercise

A

Catabolize AA to make glycogen

39
Q

What effect does the ingestion of amino acids have on glycogen synthesis

A

increase synthesis rate

40
Q

Does the addition of amino acids have an effect on glycogen synthesis when carb intake is hight (above 1.2 g/kg/h)

A

No it doesn’t

41
Q

What type of protein has the greatest effect on muscle glycogen synthesis post exercise

A

Whey protein hydrosylates

42
Q

Who has more glycogen synthesis post exercise. A trained or untrained individual

A

Trained individual

43
Q

who has more glut4. Trained or untrained infividual

A

Trained individual

44
Q

what is glycemic index

A

Increase in blood glucose level over the base-line level during a 2 hr period

45
Q

What is glycemic load

A

the glycemic index times the amount of grams of carbohydrate in a serving of the food

46
Q

What does a higher Glycemic load mean

A

greater expected elevation in blood glucose and in the insulinogenic effect of the food

47
Q

What can a higher consumption of high glycemic load food cause

A

Type II dibetes

Obesity

48
Q

When measuring in days compared to hours, are hi gi meals better than lo gi meals

A

There is no difference

49
Q

When fed low GI meals what happens to blood glucose levels in the latter phases of exercise

A

It is higher

50
Q

Low insulin during exercise allows for and increase in what

A

Free fatty acids

51
Q

What causes a threefold increase in liver glycogen synthesis

A

low-dose fructose

52
Q

How does low does fructose increase glycogen synthesis

A

increase glucose tolerance by activating glucokinase

53
Q

in the fasted state what is the main endogenous source of glucose

A

the liver

54
Q

What is the primary site of fructose disposal

A

The liver

55
Q

What are the enzymes needed for fructose metabolism

A

Fructokinase

Triokinase

56
Q

Does fructose increase glycogen synthesis in muscles

A

No

57
Q

Does low blood glucose or glucagon cause muscle glycogen to break down

A

No

Biochem 2 all topics (14 decks)

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