peds GI Flashcards
newborn in the nursery a few hours after birth because the infant vomited and choked after feeding. Non-bilious emesis (clear not green). The nurse reports that she has to frequently suction oral secretions.
37WGA. Pregnancy complicated by polyhydramnios (too much fluid)
-normal abd, hrt, clear to auscultation, but coughing
upper gut obstruction, before ampulla of vater -
- T-E fistula (more common)
- esophageal atresia
- esophageal web, stenosis
If respiratory distress and scaphoid abdomen: consider diaphragmatic hernia (may be either non or Bilious…consider Duodenal Atresia)
Other: GE reflux (Not burped adequately), Cardiac lesions, CNS
what to do for non-bilious emesis newborn??
what can you see on XR esophageal atresia??
don’t want to do barium swallow, do NG tube (actually OG tube- go thru mouth, like thick spaghetti) have pre-known length to get to stomach, if coils before, know there is obstruction in esophagus, can see on XR
-see no air in abdomen
DDX: non-bilious emesis in newborn: GI, metabolic, CNS, infectious causes
- GI: GERD, Overfeeding
- Neuro: Subdural hematoma, Hydrocephalus, Mass lesion
- Metabolic: Galactosemia, Hypercalcemia, Urea cycle defects, Amino academies
- Infectious: Sepsis, Meningitis, UTI, Gastroenteritis
DDX: non-bilious emesis in newborn: Anatomic causes
Cleft Palate Laryngopharyngeal Cleft Esophageal atresia Tracheoesophageal (TE) fistula Vascular ring Achalasia Antral web Duodenal atresia/stenosis Pyloric stenosis
esophageal atresia most commonly occurs with ??
coexisting tracheoesophageal fistula (92%). (This case is the rare, esophageal atresia without TEF.) air in stomach
-tracheoesophageal fold
-pure esophageal atresia will not have air in stomach
Children with Esophageal atresia usually present within ??
Treatment: ??
24-48 hours after birth with copious oral secretions and drooling. Choking, vomiting (non-bilious).
Aspiration pneumonia
-surgical
Mackyo’s case:
-make fistula in neck that drains, so no buildup
-fed by NG tube
At day ?? of gestation, a ventral diverticulum is formed from the caudal end of the primitive pharyngeal foregut. This laryngotracheal diverticulum undergoes elongation and differentiation to eventually form the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. In order to separate the dorsal foregut (future esophagus) from the ventral laryngotracheal diverticulum, ?? fuse to form a septum that completely separates these structures (eFig. 392.1). It is believed that ?? leads to the anomalies of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF).
day 26 or 27
longitudinal tracheoesophageal folds
failure of these folds to completely form, or improper timing of their formation
Esophagus and trachea develop during ?? of life. Defects in the ?? can result in TEF and esophageal atresia.
4-6wks
mesenchyme separating the two
use gastrographing (not barium, would damage lungs)
TEF and VACTERL (if have one congenital problem, need to look for others)
V: Vertebral Hemivertebrae (etiology: sacral element agenesis, caudal regression, Dx: Plain radiography, spine US, MRI (if U/S +)
A: Anorectum Imperforate anus: Dx: Exam
C: Cardiac Structural congenital heart dz: Dx: Echo
T: TE fistula: Suspect with esophageal atresia
E: Esophageal atresia: Dx: NG tube passage with plain radiography
R: Renal Horseshoe kidney, renal collecting system anomalies: Dx: Renal ultrasound
L: Limb Radial hypoplasia, atresia: Dx: Plain radiography
DDX: What does this xray show? slide 24
Emesis may be bilious
“double-bouble” sign
duodenal atresia
-stomach is one bubble, proximal duodenum BEFORE atresia is 2nd bubble; no air below
-greenish vomiting as newborn
duodenal atresia: Due to insult during ?? week gestation:
failure of ?? of duodenum
Usually ?? part of duodenum
what is associated??
8-10th
recanalization/vacuolization
Results in occluded lumen
2nd or 3rd
Trisomy 21: Down’s syndrome
XR slide 28: scaphoid abdomen (“sucked in”), breathing difficulties, cyanotic, +/- vomiting
Diaphragmatic hernia
- intestines protrude up in utero (typ. left side)
- hear bowel sounds in thorax, push on lungs
- need to intubate, NG tube to minimize air in gut
- need surgical intervention
4wk old infant has had 6 days of projectile vomiting, Nonbilious.
- vigorously feeds but vomits forcefully afterwards.
- full term infant who had been gaining weight until the vomiting started. Today decreased wet diapers and no stools
what metabolic condition worry about??
pyloric stenosis
- dry mucous membranes
- typically lose weight, may be jaundice (reabsorb indirect)
- palpable epigastric (RU abdomen) olive mass (5–15 mm), only in 13.6%
- look hungry, drink/eat vigorously and comes right back up, peristaltic wave (can see, very dehydrated)
- hyperchloremic metabolic alkalosis (vomiting up acid)*
pyloric stenosis: Projectile postprandial vomiting usually begins ??.
Vomiting starts at birth in about 10% of cases and onset of symptoms may be delayed in ??.
Vomitus is ??
between 2 and 4 weeks (3-6 wks??) of age but may start as late as 12 weeks (pyloric muscle takes time to hypertrophy) in ddx 0-3 mos
preterm infants
rarely bilious (proximal) but may be blood-streaked
pyloric stenosis ddx
Pylorospasm (non-bilious)
GE reflux (non-bilious)
Malrotation with midgut volvulus (bilious)
Gastric bezoar (non-bilious) (obstruction in stomach)
(CNS tumor)
(poison)
what studies to do with pyloric stenosis??
U/S: width and length of pyloric muscle; will do sx based on US
upper GI with barium: try to avoid to minimize radiation (adults: apple-core lesion) see think white line getting thru, like “string-sign”
lab studies with pyloric stenosis
Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis (correct before sx!)
This patient:
Sodium: 135 Chloride: 90 Potassium: 3
CO2: 35 (typ: 22, here too high, think metabolic acidosis)
-May have indirect hyperbilirubinemia
pyloric stenosis epidemiology/associations
6-8 per 1000 births, 5:1 male Non bilious emesis Acquired condition: Thickening of pyloric muscle, Most typically 2-12 weeks of age Peristaltic waves “caterpillar stomach” May be associated with erythromycin
pyloric stenosis imaging
XR: large stomach decreased bowel gas
US: elongation (> 15mm) and thickening of pylorus (4mm)
Barium Upper GI: “String sign”, or “beak of barium”
pyloric stenosis tx
IV fluids and electrolyte replacement When stable (after correcting Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis!)-->Surgical intervention: pyloromyotomy
3wk old infant w/ bilious emesis 1day, irritable and not consolable.
Prior hx: NSVD, no pregnancy complications, Poor weight gain.
On exam: T: 98.6F, P:180 (high), BP 70/40 (minimal)
Abdomen: distended
-continues to have green emesis (BILIOUS)
ddx? infection and anatomical
think congenital (probably not atresia?, would have presented earlier)
Infectious: Peritonitis, Viscous perforation, Necrotizing enterocolitis, Neonatal sepsis
Anatomic: Intestinal atresia (usually duodenal atresia, also jejunal or ileal), Duodenal stenosis, Intussusception, Intestinal malrotation w/ midgut volvulus, Annular pancreas, Duodenal web, Organomegaly → obstruction
malrotation/volvulus
can present few wks after birth or could happen right after
-bilious vomit, abd. distension
in premies worry about ??
necrotizing enterocolitis
-dilatation and can perforate
what studies for bilious emesis baby??
plain XR: do see air in rectum, but not much air in rest of abdomen–>do barium next: see corkscrew: implies twisting (malrotation–>volvulus), “beak sign”: contrast stops
-her case: cecum on left: malrotation
-Chem, CBC
malrotation FA
Anomaly of midgut rotation during fetal development–> improper positioning of bowel, formation of fibrous bands (Ladd bands). Can lead to volvulus, duodenal obstruction.
volvulus FA
Twisting of portion of bowel around its mesentery; can lead to obstruction and infarction Can occur throughout the
GI tract. Midgut volvulus more common in infants and children (from malrotation). Sigmoid (more distal, from constipation, etc.) volvulus more common in elderly.
GI embryology: Both duodenojejunal and ileocolic portion of bowel rotate ?? around the axis of omphalomesenteric vessels.
With normal rotation, duodenojejunal junction positioned in ?? and cecum positioned in ??
Result in long, fixed base between ?? that keeps mesentary from twisting
counterclockwise 270 degrees
LUQ, RLQ
ligament of Treitz and cecum
malrotation, volvulus is a ??
malrotation usually presents??
surgical emergency, want to tx before necrosis sets in
39% present within first 10 days of life, more than 90% present within 3 months, but can occur at any age (if volvulus occurs later) Bilious emesis
other bilious emesis ddx
annular pancreas: develops around intestine–>obstruction
9mo w. intermittent episodes of severe irritability, crying and pulling up his legs to abdomen, alternating with periods of lethargy (possibly neurotoxins)
-small amount of blood in the diaper.
T: 99. BP 93/66 RR18 P100
The child is drowsy. Abdomen: palpable sausage shaped mass right abdomen. Mild abdominal tenderness to palpation
ddx??
“currant-jelly stool”
LGIB: Appendicitis Gastroenteritis Ovarian pathology (torsion) *Intussuception* Meckel diverticulum as lead point for intussusception Sepsis Poison trauma
LGIB: newborn
necrotizing enterocolitis malrotation w. volvulus allergic proctocolitis Hirschprung dis w. enterocolitis hemorrhagic disease of newborn
LGIB: infant
anal fissure infectious colitis allergic proctocolitis meckel diverticulum lymphonodular hyperplasia malrotation w. volvulus Hirschprung dis. w. enterocolitis anatomic duplication immune deficiency
LGIB: child/adolescent
anal fissure infectious colitis polyp meckel diverticulum intussusception HSP, HUS lymphonodular hyperplasia IBD Hemmorhoids solitary rectal ulcer
Intussusception FA: Telescoping of ?? into ??, commonly at ileocecal junction. Compromised blood supply–>intermittent abdominal pain often with ??.
Majority of cases occur in ??.
appearance on ultrasound??
proximal bowel segment into distal segment
“currant jelly” stools
children (usually idiopathic; may be associated with recent enteric or respiratory viral infection), Abdominal emergency in early childhood
Unusual in adults (associated with intraluminal mass or tumor that acts as lead point that is pulled into the lumen)
bull’s-eye appearance on US
intussusception imaging ??
-XR: Target sign with small bowel within large bowel
Cresent sign with leading small bowel mass (US and CT are better)
-Air*(better if perforation) or Barium enema is dx and tx: round mass which moves retrograde with increased pressure, try to reduce back
Intussusception age ??
lead points ??
Most cases ages 1-2yo, Slight male predominance
Lead points: viral induced lymphoid hyperplasia, Meckel’s, lymphoma (older child)
Ileocolonic is most common
Intussusception complications
bowel obstruction, bowel edema and congestion. (current jelly stools are from the fluid losses from bowel edema and bleeding)
Episodes of severe pain alternating with lethargy
Intussusception tx
Fluid resuscitation and barium/ or air enema
If not reduced, then surgical intervention
Risk of bowel necrosis
Intussusception (need translation)
Meckel diverticulum
Most typically presents with painless rectal bleed
- Remnant of fetal omphalomesenteric duct and is an outpouching of distal ileum present in 1-2% of population
- Ectopic gastric tissue within diverticulum causes ulceration of mucosa in the adjacent ileum
Meckel diverticulum FA
True diverticulum. Persistence of the vitelline duct. May contain ectopic acid–secreting gastric mucosa and/or pancreatic tissue. Most common congenital anomaly of GI tract. Can cause melena, RLQ pain, intussusception, volvulus, or obstruction near terminal ileum. Contrast with omphalomesenteric cyst = cystic dilation of vitelline duct.
-painless bleeding, leading edge for Intussusception (can happen independently)
rule of 2’s for Meckel’s diverticulum FA
The five 2’s: 2 inches long. 2 feet from the ileocecal valve. 2% of population. Commonly presents in first 2 years of life. May have 2 types of epithelia (gastric/ pancreatic).
Meckel’s Diverticulum dx
Technetium scan (nuclear scan) tagging the acid producing gastric musosa FA: pertechnetate study for uptake by ectopic gastric mucosa.
You are called to discharge a newborn after 48 hours of life. You note that the child has not stooled (meconium).
On exam the infant has mild abdominal distension
Hirschsprung disease other ddx: Meconium plug Meconium ileus *(cystic fibrosis)* Ileal atresia Imperforate anus
Hirschsprung disease FA
Congenital megacolon characterized by lack of ganglion cells/enteric nervous plexuses (Auerbach and Meissner plexuses) in segment of colon. Due to failure of neural crest cell migration. Associated with mutations in the RET gene
Hirschsprung disease FA presentation
Presents with bilious emesis, abdominal distention, and failure to pass meconium
chronic constipation. Normal portion of the colon proximal to the aganglionic segment is dilated, resulting in a “transition zone.” Involves rectum.
Hirschsprung disease FA: association, dx, tx
Think of Hirschsprung as a giant spring that has sprung in the colon. Risk inc. with Down syndrome.
Dx: rectal SUCTION biopsy. Tx: resection
Hirschsprung dx:
Barium may suggest it but need rectal SUCTION biopsy: documentation of absence of myenteric and submucosal plexus (aganglionic distal bowel segment)
- Defective craniocaudal migration of vagal neural crest cells 5-12 weeks gestation, Familial 8-10%
- Lack of internal and sphincter relaxation
Hirschsprungs presentation
Untreated can lead to ??
Treatment:??
Failure to pass meconium 24-48 hrs, Abdominal distention, Bilious vomiting, Constipation since birth
- toxic megacolon, entercolitis, sepsis and death
- surgical resection of affected colon
pics: slide 32: swollen abdomen and stool buildup
A mother brings her 2 week old infant with complaint of vomiting. Upon history, you learn that emesis had a sudden onset two days ago and from how the mother describes it, it could be characterized as bilious vomiting. On physical exam, the afebrile infant is very irritable upon palpation of abdomen and you note significant abdominal distension. What would you suspect? A. Duodenal atresia B. Meckel’s diverticulum C. Volvulus D. Gastroenteritis
C. Volvulus
A 3.5 kg male is born to a 26 year old primigravid female after an uneventful pregnancy. Through first trimester screening and subsequent confirmatory testing, you are anticipating the child to have Down’s syndrome. After delivery, patient is started on formula feeding. He passes urine shortly after birth no passage of meconium is noted. How can you explain the absence of meconium? A.Anal atresia B.Duodenal atresia C.Meckel’s Diverticulum D.Hirschsprung’s Disease E.Pyloric stenosis
B. Duodenal atresia
A 3 day old female infant is brought into the ED because of difficulty breathing and poor feeding. Mother says she chokes and coughs out whatever is fed to her. You suspect that the infant has a tracheoesophageal fistula. Embryologically, where is the malformation for this condition?
A.Failure of tracheoesophageal ridges to fuse
B.Patent thyroglossal duct
C.Incomplete recanalization of larynx
D.Incomplete formation of septum secundum
E.Failure of buccopharyngeal membranes to rupture
A.Failure of tracheoesophageal ridges to fuse
A 1 month old infant is brought in after a week long history of non bilious vomiting. On physical exam a firm, mobile, palpable mass is felt over the epigastrium. What is the embryologic origin of this mass ?
A.Foregut
B.Midgut
C.Hindgut
A.Foregut
Nurse calls you that newborn has respiratory distress. Polyhydramnios was noted during the third trimester. Physical exam shows an infant in respiratory distress. Strenuous accessory muscle use is noted as well as scaphoid abdomen. On physical exam, you can auscultate bowel sounds in lower left lung fields. What do you suspect? A.GERD B.Infantile esophagitis C.Diaphragmatic hernia D.Pulmonary atresia E.Choanal atresia
C.Diaphragmatic hernia
A 26 hour old infant in the NICU presents with vomiting and abdominal distension. Vomiting is of a bilious nature. You review her charts and you note a prenatal ultrasound that showed polyhydramnios. An abdominal radiograph shows air distension in the stomach and proximal duodenum separated by a pyloric valve. What has caused this malformation?
A. Malrotation of the bowel
B. Failure of the duodenum to recanalize
C. Hypertrophy of Pylorus
B. Failure of the duodenum to recanalize
A 18-month old child is brought in by his uncle to the ED because of abdominal pain. The uncle says the infant will lie on the floor with his legs pulled to his chest screaming in pain. Then will have periods of sleepiness. When asked about being able to pass stool, the uncle says that today, the stool looked like mucous mixed with blood. He did have vomiting about two weeks ago. The uncle is babysitting the infant while the parents are on vacation. What do you suspect? A.Volvulus B.Intussception C.Lower GI bleed D.Meckel’s diverticulum E.Duodenal ulcer
B.Intussception
