Pediatric Exam Flashcards
Length of gestational period
38-40 weeks
Length of perinatal period
last 2 months of pregnancy and first 4 weeks after delivery
Length of neonatal period
the first 4 weeks after birth
Name the three main fetal to neonate transitions
cardiovascular, respiratory, temperature
APGAR scores for stable infant
7-10 excellent condition
APGAR scores that require stimulation and O2
4-6 moderately depressed
APGAR scores that require assisted ventilation and possible cardiopulmonary support
0-3 severly depressed
Normal hgb for newborn
16-17g/dl, therefore ruddy
mottled skin appearance that will disappear over time
Cutis Marmorata
white to yellow waxy covering in newborns, most abundant in the creases and flexor surfaces
Vernix Caseosa
downy hair covering the body, more common with prematurity
Lanugo
Benign rash characterized by fleeting erythematous papules and pustules filled with eosinophils. Usually predominates on face and chest.
Erythema toxicum
Usually benign flat red markings on upper eyelids, in the area above the nose sometimes extending to the forehead, and/or on the back of the neck
Nevus Flammeus, Vascular Nevi, Salmon patches
permanent discolorations of the skin. On occasion are associated with arteriovenous malformations
Port-Wine Stain
small yellow papules that are often seen over the nose and cheek; these disappear spontaneously
Sebaceous gland hyperplasia
white papules that disappear without treatment within a few weeks
Milia
acne appearance likely from maternal hormonal influence, may take several months to disappear
Acne Neonatorum
bluish black macular lesions usually over lumbrosacral area. Seen in most native American, black, and Asian infants
Mongolian spots
elevated collections of capillaries, variable appearance. If on eyelid require opthalmo consult
Strawberry or capillary hemangiomas
This is a collection of larger blood vessels, usually much larger than strawberry hemangiomas and bluish in color. Associated with thrombocytopenia
Cavernous Hemangioma
Normal head circumference of newborn
34-35 cm
What does an increased head circumference > 2 standard deviations indicate?
hydrocephalus
How much smaller should the head be than the chest circumferenc in full-term baby?
should be 1-2.5cm smaller than the head
When does the anterior fontanelle close?
18-24 months of age
When does the posterior fontanelle close?
by 6 weeks of age
increased volume of CSF usually due to obstruction of this fluid into subarachnoid space
hydrocephalus
boggy swelling in subcutaneous tissues which crosses the suture lines. Head compression against cervix impedes venous return, reabsorbs within 1 to 3 days
Caput succedaneum
blood collected below the periosteum and therefore confined to a single bone, will NOT cross the suture line. Results from a fracture
Cephalohematoma
Ping-pong ball feel of the skull. If persistent, investigate for marasmus, rickets, or syphilis
Craniotabes
Syndrome characterized by eyes that slant upwards, sloping forehead, low-set ears
Down’s
Syndrome characterized by small eyes, wide/flat nasal bridge, lack groove between lip and nose
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Syndrome charactrized by small chin that may predispose to respiratory obstruction
Pierre Robin Syndrome
Exam finding that may indicate aortic valve abnormalities or facial nerve palsy
asymmetry of face while crying
Avg respiratory rate for newborns
40 rpm
Avg pulse for newborn
120-180
What condition may be present if femoral pulses are diminished in infant?
coarctation of the aorta
condition where the urethral meatus is displaced proximally on ventral aspect of penis
hypospadias. Do not circumcise, needed for repair
Genitalia surgical emergency in infants
Anal atresia—imperforate anus
an inturning of a finger, usually the fifth, which can be seen with Down syndrome
Clinodactyly
forefoot adduction, usually from intrauterine crowding
Metatarsus Adductus
often seen in conjunction with metatarsus adductus, again from intrauterine crowding
Internal tibial torsion
combination of metatarsus adductus, varus deformity, and shortening of the Achilles tendon
Talipes Equinovarus (Clubfoot)
Normal degree of hip abduction in infant
180 degrees at birth, and at least 120 degrees in subsequent exams
How long is a positive Babinski sign considered a normal finding?
in infants < 6 months of age
one of the upper extremities flaccid usually secondary to difficult delivery
Brachial plexus palsies
Reflex that is tested by touching base of toes causes toes to curl downward
plantar reflex
Condition associated with intrauterine crowding
developmental dysplasia of the hip
