Oncology Flashcards
Work in progress-cards soley from Nelson's
Most common childhood cancers
leukemia or lymphoma
Peak incidence of embryonal tumors (neuroblastomas and retinoblastomas)
first 2 years of life
Peak incidence of ALL
2-5 yrs
Common symptoms for T-cell ALL and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
lymphadenopathy and organomegaly
General differences between malignant and infectious/inflammatory masses
malignant masses are firm, fixed, nontender. infectious/inflammory masses are softer, mobile, tender
Common metabolic emergency often seen in treatment of leukemia and lymphoma where large amounts of phosphate, potassium, and uric acid are released from lysed cells
tumor lysis syndrome
Define adjuvant therapy
chemotherapy administration after removal of the primary tumor
Protein kinase inhibitor that targets the effects of the t(9;22) translocation of chronic myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Imatinib mesylate
Common extramedullary site for ALL
testes
Clinical presentation includes: older males (8-10), high WBC count, mediastinal masses, cervical lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, CNS involvement
T-cell ALL
Characterized by immature blast cells, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and low/nml/high WBC count
acute leukemia
Why is treatment of AML different than ALL?
nonmyelosuppressive drugs are not effective for AML
Classification of low risk in ALL
1-9 yrs old, initial WBC count < 50,000, and favorable cytogenics t(12;21) translocation
Overall cure rate for childhood ALL and AML
ALL-80%. AML-50%
What do the following have in common: small noncleaved cell (Burkitt), lymphoblastic, and large cell?
histologic subtypes of NHL
Type of lymphoma that is diffuse, highly malignant, and shows little differentiation
NHL
Most common clinical presentation of Hodgkin disease
painless, firm lymphadenopathy confined to one or two lymph node areas (usually supraclavicular and cervical)
Type of lymphoma characterized by high fever, drenching night sweats, unintentional weight loss
Burkitt’s (B cell)
Primary sites for lymphoblastic NHL (T cell)
mediastinum and cervical nodes
Pathologic hallmark of Hodgkin disease
Reed-Sternberg cells
Prognosis for Hodgkin disease and NHL
hodgkin-90% 5 yr survival. NHL-70-90% 3 yr survival
Difference between brain tumors in children and adults
Children- primary tumors that originate in CNS. Adults- high grade astrocytomas or secondary tumors that are metastases from other carcinomas
Most common solid tumors in children
CNS tumors
Symptoms of increased ICP
lethargy, HA, vomiting, inability to abduct the eye (CN VI palsy)
Examination technique of choice for CNS tumor
MRI
Administered immediately to reduce tumor associated edema
dexamethasone
5 yr overall survival rate for CNS tumors
50% due to high curability of cerebellar astrocytomas and medulloblastomas. Poor prognoses for gliomas and glioblastomas
Derived from the neural crest cells that form the adrenal medulla and the sympathetic nervous system
neuroblastoma
Most common presentation for neuroblastoma
abdominal pain or mass
Associated symptoms include: paraneoplastic syndromes-secretory diarrhea, profuse sweating, opsomyoclonus (dancing eyes and dancing feet), and periobital ecchymoses
neuroblastoma
Percentage of neuroblastomas that produce catecholamines that can be detected in the urine
90%
Prognosis for neuroblastomas
Patients under 1 yr have better prognosis than older patients
Most common malignant renal tumor of childhood
Wilms Tumor
Clinical presentation includes abdominal mass, abdominal pain, fever, HTN, hematuria
Wilms Tumor
Tx for Wilms tumor
nephrectomy followed by adjuvant chemo
Cure rate for patients with Wilms tumor
localized-85%. pulmonary metastases-70-80%
