Pathophysiology of Congestive Heart Failure Flashcards
What is the most common cause of congestive heart failure?
Coronary artery disease
What is Cheyne-Stokes respiration?
Increased breathing followed by apnea due to severe left heart failure
Pulsus alternans is assocaited with left heart failure. What is this?
Alternating weak and strong pulses
In this type of ventricular hypertrophy, sarcomeres are added in parallel.
Concentric hypertrophy
This type of heart failure is caused by an excessively high cardiac output to meet metabolic needs.
High-output heart failure
What is the result of systolic dysfunction on a pressure-volume loop?
Loop shifts right - increased end systolic volume, unchanged end diastolic volume, and decreased stroke volume
Forward heart failure occurs with decreased ejection fraction. It is due to a (systolic/diastolic) dysfunction.
Systolic dysfunction
What is the most common cause of diastolic dysfunctions?
Long-stand hypertension with ventricular hypertrophy
Diastolic dysfunctions cause backward heart failure. What is the cause?
Decrease in ventricular compliance that leads to a decreased end diastolic volume
What is the result of diastolic dysfunction on a pressure-volume loop?
Shifts left - end diastolic volume decreases, end systolic volume remains unchanged, stroke volume decreases
What is the effect of brain natriuretic peptide?
Release in response to atrial and ventricular stretch. BNP promotes diuresis, vasodilation, and inhibition of RAAS
In this type of ventricular hypertrophy, sarcomeres are added in series.
Eccentric hypertrophy
This is isolated heart failure due to a primary pulmonary pathology (COPD, pulmonary embolism, etc.).
Cor pulmonale
What cytokines are release in response to heart failure that contribute to ventricular remodeling?
IL-1, TNF-alpha, Endothelin-1
Right heart failure is associated with dyspnea, however, fluid does not back up into the lungs. Why does dyspnea occur?
Fluid backs up into systemic circulation and compresses the diaphragm
