Clinical Perspective: Cardiac Murmurs & Jugular Venous Pulse

Question 1

Benign murmurs are not associated with cardiac abnormality. When do they occur?

Answer 1

Early to mid systole (never is diastole)

Question 2

Murmurs that radiate and/or are palpable (thrill) are (benign/pathologic).

Answer 2

Pathologic

Question 3

These murmurs begin with or after S1 and terminate before S2.

Answer 3

Systolic murmurs

Question 4

These murmurs begin with or after S2 and end before S1.

Answer 4

Diastolic murmurs

Question 5

What causes are associated with ejection systolic murmurs?

Answer 5

Aortic stenosis, pulmonic stenosis, atrial septal defect, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 6

Ejection systolic murmurs result from turbulent and forward flow. How are they characterized?

Answer 6

Crescendo-decrescendo

Question 7

Mitral valve prolapse is most associated with what murmur?

Answer 7

Late-systolic murmur

Question 8

What is a regurgitant systolic murmur?

Answer 8

Results from retrograde leak of blood from a ventricle to an atrium

Question 9

What disorders are associated with pansystolic murmurs?

Answer 9

Mitral regurgitation, tricuspid regurgitation, ventricular septa defect

Question 10

What are the possible causes of an early diastolic murmur?

Answer 10

Aortic regurgitation, pulmonary regurgitation

Question 11

What is the character of an early diastolic murmur?

Answer 11

High pitch, with a soft blowing quality and decrescendo pattern

Question 12

What are potential causes of mid-diastolic murmurs?

Answer 12

Mitral stenosis, tricuspid stenosis, or left-to-right shunt through an atrial septal defect

Question 13

This murmur is low-pitched and rumbling.

Answer 13

Mid-diastolic murmur

Question 14

Patent ductus arteriosus is associated with what murmur?

Answer 14

Continuous murmur

Question 15

Murmur grading.

Answer 15