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Reproductive > Pathophys: Placenta and Meiosis: Natalia > Flashcards

Pathophys: Placenta and Meiosis: Natalia Flashcards

1
Q

What is different about leptin in placentas of different organisms?

A

Rodents: placenta transport leptin across
Rheumanents: no transport, fetal adipose makes leptin
Primates: Placenta secretes leptin into maternal circulation, very little in fetal circulation

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2
Q

Objective: Understand early implantation

A

x

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3
Q

Objective: Understand basic placental anatomy and circulation

A

x

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4
Q

Objective: Placental oxygen and nutrient transfer

A

x

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5
Q

Objective: to be able to describe some placental causes of second and third trimester vaginal bleeding

A

x

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6
Q

What does blast-cyst mean?

A 
Blast= cells with potential to differentiate
cyst= cystic structure
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7
Q

What stage/day is blastocyst?

A

Stage 3 carnegie
Days 4-5
0.1-0.2 mm wide

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8
Q

What are the parts of the blastocyst?

A

Blastocyst cavity
Trophblast
Zona Pellucida
Embryoblast

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9
Q

What does the placenta come from?

A

Trophoblast

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10
Q

What does the trophoblast differentiate into?

A

Villous and extravillous cytotrophoblast cells

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11
Q

What does villous cytotrophoblast become? Extravillous?

A

Villous=syncytiotrophoblast cell

Extravillous=invasive trophoblast cell

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12
Q

What does the fetus come from?

A

Inner cell mass/embryoblast

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13
Q

What day does implantation take place?

A

Day 6-7

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14
Q

What allows for blastocyst adhesion to endometrium?

A

L-selectin system

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15
Q

TEST: hCG is a product of what cell type?

A

Trophoblast cells

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16
Q

What day does hCG production begin?

A

day 7, can detect 5 days prior to missed period

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17
Q

What is the early pregnancy test detecting?

A

Early pregnancy factor, not hCG… its not around yet

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18
Q

hCG stimulates what growth in endometrium?

A

Filopodia to help it connect and implant

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19
Q

EMPHACIZED: What is decidualization?

A

increase in vascular permeability and secretory activity of uterine stroma under conceptus

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20
Q

What does decidualization allow?

A

Access to maternal blood

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21
Q

When does decidualization occur?

A

as soon as 10 days after fertilization/ovulation

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22
Q

What happens to stroma in decid?

A 
Surround
Spiral arteries (progesterone)
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23
Q

When does the deciduaal reaction occur?

A

Every menstrual cycle due to progesterone

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24
Q

When does the decidua form?

A

When the embryo implants

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25
How is a non receptive deciduaalized endometrium returned to normal with no pregnancy?
Menstruation
26
What is ironic about deciduaalization?
It eventually grows so large to block implantation
27
What does the deciduaa do?
allows efficient access to maternal blood resists trophoblast invasion provides nutrients
28
What invades?
Extravillous cytotrophoblast
29
What is the difference histologically between the cytotrophoblast and synticialtrophoblast?
Cyto=one nucleus | Syncytiotrophoblast=multiple nuclei
30
What invades the endometrial STROMA?
Syncytiotrophoblast
31
What is the main source of hCG in the placenta?
Syncytiotrophoblast
32
When are primary chorionic villi apparent?
By end of 2nd week
33
What makes primary chorionic villi?
Proliferation of cytotrophoblast extensions that grow INTO the syncytiotrophoblast
34
What is the villous cytotrophoblast?
Primary chorionic villi growing into the syncytiotrophoblast
35
What does the blastocyst look like on day 9?
Two layers surround: Cyto: mononuclear Syncytio: multinuclear
36
What are the two functions of the trophoblastic layers?
1. draw nutrients | 2. protect from maternal immune attack
37
HIV causes what in pregnant female?
Miscarriage | Preterm delivery
38
When does the blood flow in embryo start?
First heart beat | 5 weeks of gestation
39
What has happened by the end of the third week?
Anatomy has lined up to allow nutrient exchange from mother to fetus: Primary villi and mesenchyme have attached: This is SECONDARY Chorionic villi
40
What has happened by the end of the forth week?
Exchange begins in that anatomy
41
What happens in the fifth week?
First fetal heart beat
42
How long do the chorionic villi cover the sac?
Until the beginning of the eight week
43
How do the chorionic villi digress?
Choronic sac grows and clamps them down They degenerate SMOOTH chorion forms
44
What are the three deciduas?
Decidua: basalis capsularis parietalis
45
What is the decidua vera?
Dec. capsulari+parietalis
46
Where is the parietalis? do other animals have it?
On wall of uterus | animals do not have it
47
When do we begin to be able to SEE the placenta?
4.5 weeks
48
EMPHACISED: What is the order of the layers of the placenta to uterus?
Placenta Decidua Myometrium
49
Do we need embryo to develop placenta?
No, placenta can develop on its own
50
What happens to spiral arteries when implantation occurs?
They get bigger to supply fetus:
51
What percent of maternal blood flow goes to fetus in pregnancy?
75%
52
What constitutes the chorion?
Trophoblastic layers | Extraembryonic somatic mesoderm
53
What forms the chorionic villi?What days?
cytotrophoblast | Days 13-14
54
What day does development of circulation begin?
Day 9-11
55
How does circulation begin?
1. Lacunae in sycytiotrophoblast become filled with maternal blood and fuse to form lacunar networks 2. cavity between embryblast and trophoblast forms the primordial amniotic cavity, lined by a membrane (amnio)
56
What forms the amnion?
Cavity between the embryoblast and trophoblast layers
57
TEST: What are the functions of the cytotrophoblast?
1. Invasion 2. Stem cells to make placenta 3. invade uterine arteries
58
What is the key for fetal well being?
Circulation in villous space
59
TEST: How many discs does the human placenta have?
One disc placenta
60
What is the difference between the early to the late placenta cord?
Branching early | Non-branching late (less resistance)
61
What does decreasing branches do to blood flow?
Resistance is decreased with decrease in branches
62
What are the placental markers?
CD68
63
What are the blood vessel markers?
Factor VIII
64
What are the stroma markers?
Collagen IV | Vemintin
65
What are the syncytiotrophoblast markers?
Keratin | hCG
66
What happens if there is no enough remodeling of the placental exchange zone?
Not enough exchange | Or, too much pressure on
67
Where does nutrient and gas exchange occur?
Terminal villi

Reproductive (31 decks)

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