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Reproductive > Pathophys: Placenta and Meiosis: Natalia > Flashcards

Pathophys: Placenta and Meiosis: Natalia Flashcards

1
Q

What is different about leptin in placentas of different organisms?

A

Rodents: placenta transport leptin across
Rheumanents: no transport, fetal adipose makes leptin
Primates: Placenta secretes leptin into maternal circulation, very little in fetal circulation

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2
Q

Objective: Understand early implantation

A

x

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3
Q

Objective: Understand basic placental anatomy and circulation

A

x

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4
Q

Objective: Placental oxygen and nutrient transfer

A

x

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5
Q

Objective: to be able to describe some placental causes of second and third trimester vaginal bleeding

A

x

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6
Q

What does blast-cyst mean?

A 
Blast= cells with potential to differentiate
cyst= cystic structure
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7
Q

What stage/day is blastocyst?

A

Stage 3 carnegie
Days 4-5
0.1-0.2 mm wide

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8
Q

What are the parts of the blastocyst?

A

Blastocyst cavity
Trophblast
Zona Pellucida
Embryoblast

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9
Q

What does the placenta come from?

A

Trophoblast

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10
Q

What does the trophoblast differentiate into?

A

Villous and extravillous cytotrophoblast cells

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11
Q

What does villous cytotrophoblast become? Extravillous?

A

Villous=syncytiotrophoblast cell

Extravillous=invasive trophoblast cell

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12
Q

What does the fetus come from?

A

Inner cell mass/embryoblast

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13
Q

What day does implantation take place?

A

Day 6-7

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14
Q

What allows for blastocyst adhesion to endometrium?

A

L-selectin system

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15
Q

TEST: hCG is a product of what cell type?

A

Trophoblast cells

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16
Q

What day does hCG production begin?

A

day 7, can detect 5 days prior to missed period

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17
Q

What is the early pregnancy test detecting?

A

Early pregnancy factor, not hCG… its not around yet

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18
Q

hCG stimulates what growth in endometrium?

A

Filopodia to help it connect and implant

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19
Q

EMPHACIZED: What is decidualization?

A

increase in vascular permeability and secretory activity of uterine stroma under conceptus

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20
Q

What does decidualization allow?

A

Access to maternal blood

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21
Q

When does decidualization occur?

A

as soon as 10 days after fertilization/ovulation

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22
Q

What happens to stroma in decid?

A 
Surround
Spiral arteries (progesterone)
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23
Q

When does the deciduaal reaction occur?

A

Every menstrual cycle due to progesterone

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24
Q

When does the decidua form?

A

When the embryo implants

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25
Q

How is a non receptive deciduaalized endometrium returned to normal with no pregnancy?

A

Menstruation

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26
Q

What is ironic about deciduaalization?

A

It eventually grows so large to block implantation

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27
Q

What does the deciduaa do?

A

allows efficient access to maternal blood
resists trophoblast invasion
provides nutrients

28
Q

What invades?

A

Extravillous cytotrophoblast

29
Q

What is the difference histologically between the cytotrophoblast and synticialtrophoblast?

A

Cyto=one nucleus

Syncytiotrophoblast=multiple nuclei

30
Q

What invades the endometrial STROMA?

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

31
Q

What is the main source of hCG in the placenta?

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

32
Q

When are primary chorionic villi apparent?

A

By end of 2nd week

33
Q

What makes primary chorionic villi?

A

Proliferation of cytotrophoblast extensions that grow INTO the syncytiotrophoblast

34
Q

What is the villous cytotrophoblast?

A

Primary chorionic villi growing into the syncytiotrophoblast

35
Q

What does the blastocyst look like on day 9?

A

Two layers surround:
Cyto: mononuclear
Syncytio: multinuclear

36
Q

What are the two functions of the trophoblastic layers?

A
  1. draw nutrients

2. protect from maternal immune attack

37
Q

HIV causes what in pregnant female?

A

Miscarriage

Preterm delivery

38
Q

When does the blood flow in embryo start?

A

First heart beat

5 weeks of gestation

39
Q

What has happened by the end of the third week?

A

Anatomy has lined up to allow nutrient exchange from mother to fetus:
Primary villi and mesenchyme have attached: This is SECONDARY Chorionic villi

40
Q

What has happened by the end of the forth week?

A

Exchange begins in that anatomy

41
Q

What happens in the fifth week?

A

First fetal heart beat

42
Q

How long do the chorionic villi cover the sac?

A

Until the beginning of the eight week

43
Q

How do the chorionic villi digress?

A

Choronic sac grows and clamps them down
They degenerate
SMOOTH chorion forms

44
Q

What are the three deciduas?

A

Decidua:
basalis
capsularis
parietalis

45
Q

What is the decidua vera?

A

Dec. capsulari+parietalis

46
Q

Where is the parietalis? do other animals have it?

A

On wall of uterus

animals do not have it

47
Q

When do we begin to be able to SEE the placenta?

A

4.5 weeks

48
Q

EMPHACISED: What is the order of the layers of the placenta to uterus?

A

Placenta
Decidua
Myometrium

49
Q

Do we need embryo to develop placenta?

A

No, placenta can develop on its own

50
Q

What happens to spiral arteries when implantation occurs?

A

They get bigger to supply fetus:

51
Q

What percent of maternal blood flow goes to fetus in pregnancy?

A

75%

52
Q

What constitutes the chorion?

A

Trophoblastic layers

Extraembryonic somatic mesoderm

53
Q

What forms the chorionic villi?What days?

A

cytotrophoblast

Days 13-14

54
Q

What day does development of circulation begin?

A

Day 9-11

55
Q

How does circulation begin?

A
  1. Lacunae in sycytiotrophoblast become filled with maternal blood and fuse to form lacunar networks
  2. cavity between embryblast and trophoblast forms the primordial amniotic cavity, lined by a membrane (amnio)
56
Q

What forms the amnion?

A

Cavity between the embryoblast and trophoblast layers

57
Q

TEST: What are the functions of the cytotrophoblast?

A
  1. Invasion
  2. Stem cells to make placenta
  3. invade uterine arteries
58
Q

What is the key for fetal well being?

A

Circulation in villous space

59
Q

TEST: How many discs does the human placenta have?

A

One disc placenta

60
Q

What is the difference between the early to the late placenta cord?

A

Branching early

Non-branching late (less resistance)

61
Q

What does decreasing branches do to blood flow?

A

Resistance is decreased with decrease in branches

62
Q

What are the placental markers?

A

CD68

63
Q

What are the blood vessel markers?

A

Factor VIII

64
Q

What are the stroma markers?

A

Collagen IV

Vemintin

65
Q

What are the syncytiotrophoblast markers?

A

Keratin

hCG

66
Q

What happens if there is no enough remodeling of the placental exchange zone?

A

Not enough exchange

Or, too much pressure on

67
Q

Where does nutrient and gas exchange occur?

A

Terminal villi

Reproductive (31 decks)

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