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Reproductive > Meiosis, Fertilization, Implantation, Infertility: Detti > Flashcards

Meiosis, Fertilization, Implantation, Infertility: Detti Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two key functions of gonads?

A
  1. make gametes

2. secrete androgens for spermatogenesis and female uterine preparation

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2
Q

What are the main two hormones influencing female reproduction?

A

FSH–>follicles–>inhibin
LH –>estradiol
(from GnRH)

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3
Q

What is most important for sperm? T?

A

FSH=sperm

LH=T

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4
Q

Where are sperm produced?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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5
Q

What is the journey of sperm production?

A

STs
Testes tubules
seminiferous tubules
vas deferes

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6
Q

When spermatogonia divide, what happens to progeny?

A

One goes on to become sperm

Other stays in the pole

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7
Q

What is the progression of sperm names?

A

Spermato:

  • gonia
  • cyte
  • tids
  • zoa
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8
Q

Meiosis produces what from diploid cells?

A

1 Diploid to 2 haploid cells

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9
Q

What is the size of the egg?

A

100-120 microns

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10
Q

How far can sperm travel per second?

A

60 microns (move tail 12-15x per second)

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11
Q

What causes sperm to be unable to move forward?

A

Inflammation: UID/STD/Fibroid

Causes hyperactivtion: sperm can only burrow, not move forward

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12
Q

How do IUDs work?

A

Cause reactivation of sperm to stop it from moving forward and eventually destroy it

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13
Q

What are the functional units of the ovary?

A

Follicles

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14
Q

Where do eggs come from?

A

Yolk sac (they move to colonize the gonads)

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15
Q

What else comes from yolk sac?

A

Blood cells

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16
Q

When does yolk sac digress?

A

about 12 weeks

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17
Q

What does the yolk sac become?

A

The allantois (stays inside cord)

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18
Q

What do germ cells do in gonads in male? female? when?

A

Male: dormant til puberty
Female: replicate immediately at 20 weeks

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19
Q

What is the total number of replicated eggs in female fetus?

A

about 7 million

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20
Q

BOARDS: When is apoptosis of oocytes the highest?

A

In utero (reduced from 7 million to about 400,000)

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21
Q

What is about the final number of eggs in a female after apoptosis?

A

about 400,000

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22
Q

What is the number of eggs on average at birth?

A

1-2 million, reduces to 400,000 up to puberty

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23
Q

What is the normal time from puberty to menopause?

A

about 40 years

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24
Q

BOATRDS: For each egg ovulated, how many undergo apoptosis?

A

about 1000

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25
Q

How many eggs remain at menopause? What happens to them after?

A

about 1000

apoptosis

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26
Q

What part of the ovary contains the oocytes?

A

cortex

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27
Q

How many eggs in a follicle?

A

always 1 to 1

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28
Q

What is the progression of follicles?

A

Primordial
Primary-cubic flat granulosa starts to change
Secondary-egg grows larger, multiple layers of granules, fluid starts growing, estrogen begins secretion
Tertiary: fluid makes this one larger than others, aka graffian follicle

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29
Q

TEST: What causes formation of the zone pellucida?

A

Glycoprotein accumulation in cytoplasm of egg

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30
Q

TEST: What stage are eggs stalled in until follicular development?

A

Prophase I of Meiosis I

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31
Q

What causes differences between siblings?

A

Crossing over: shuffling of genes

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32
Q

When does crossing over occur?

A

Prophase I

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33
Q

When we see a nucleus, what do we know about the egg’s stage?

A

Immature oocyte, diploid

34
Q

What happens after ovulation to polar body?

A

Egg extrudes polar body after Meiosis I is complete, sometimes polar body divides after being extrusions

35
Q

What is notable about the polar body? Haploid or diploid?

A

Diploid=polar body

36
Q

When is meiosis II completed in egg?

A

Only if sperm penetration occurs

37
Q

How many polar bodies eventually get formed in female?

A

3 polar bodies

1 egg

38
Q

What type of oocyte is ovulated?

A

Secondary oocyte

39
Q

What stage is egg in if there is still a polar body?

A

Meiosis II (extrusion occurs after sperm penetrates)

40
Q

When does meiosis II finish?

A

After fertilization

41
Q

How do we tell if egg has been fertilized?

A

Two nuclei at 12-14 hours, polar bodies gone and egg nuclei has formed again.

42
Q

When is a zygote formed?

A

When egg and sperm nuclei fuse, 2 cells stage.

43
Q

When is zygote in 2 cell stage? 4 cells? 8 cells?

A

1 day
2 day
3 day

44
Q

When does zygote become morula?

A

after 8 cell stage–>16 cells

45
Q

When is blastocyst stage?

A

Day 5 or 6

46
Q

What is the most common site of fertilization and ectopic pregnancy?

A

Ampulla of tube

47
Q

After implantation of the blastocyst, what becomes the embryo?

A

Inner cell mass

48
Q

After implantation of the blastocyst, what becomes the placenta?

A

Outer cell mass

49
Q

What part of the implanted blastocyst produces hCG?

A

Outer cell mass (becomes placenta)

50
Q

What does hCG function as in the body?

A

LH–>makes granulosa cells make progesterone via hCG on LH receptor

51
Q

BOARDS: What allows uterus to grow the emplaned embryo?

A

hCG secretions from placenta causing progesterone release from corpus luteum

52
Q

BOARDS: If you see a small sac on uterine wall, what makes it more likely to be a implanted pregnancy rather than a cyst of blood from an ectopic pregnancy failure?

A

Implant: on wall
Cyst: in center more likely if blood cyst

53
Q

What is gestational age calculated from?

A

Date of last menstual period

54
Q

When does normal embryonic life begin?

A

About 2 weeks after the last menstrual period: age of pregnancy is last period + 2 weeks

55
Q

3 weeks of embryonic life=how many weeks of gestation?

A

5 weeks gestation=3 weeks embryonic life

56
Q

What is the image of 3 weeks embryo/5 weeks gestation?

A

Signet ring sign (yolk sac makes a ring with trophoblast on top)

57
Q

8 week embryo is how many weeks gestation?

A

8 week embryo = 10 weeks gestation

58
Q

How do you calculate embryo age?

A

Subtract 2 weeks from gestational age

59
Q

At what point can you see the head, arms, legs, cord?

A

8wks embryo/10 wks gestational

60
Q

TEST? At what stage is the yolk sac transformed fully into the alantois?

A

12 wks

61
Q

What is the percentage likelihood of getting pregnant between a normal couple trying per cycle? mice?

A

20-25% (we are inefficient species)

100%… mice don’t live long

62
Q

What percentage of normal fertile couples can get pregnant within 3 months? 6? 1 yr? 2yrs?

A

3 mo: 57%
6 mo: 72%
1 yr: 85%
2 yr: 93%

63
Q

If we have a couple who have tried for 1 year and are not pregnant, what can we say?

A

Sub fertile couple

64
Q

What percent of people are sub fertile?

A

10-15% of people (cannot get pregnant within 1 year of trying)

65
Q

How many eggs does a woman have at birth? puberty? 37-38 yrs? Menopause?

A

birth: 1-2 million
puberty: 300-500k
37-38: 25,000
meno: 1,000

66
Q

What is the age cut off for infertility specialists?

A

under 35: >1 year, see someone

over 35: >6 months, see someone

67
Q

How many minutes does it take for a sperm to get to the egg to fertilize?

A

about 5 min… woah!

68
Q

What has to happen for fertilization?

A
  1. sperm must swim
  2. cervix must allow
  3. ovulation of M2 oocyte must occur
  4. tubes must capture oocyte and sperm
  5. uterus must receive`
69
Q

What percent of infertility is male? Female? Combined?

A

Male: 40%
Female: 60%
Combo: 20%

70
Q

Of female error, how does it break down between cervical? uterine? tubes? peritoneal? ovulation?

A 
Cervix: 5-10%
Uterus: 5-10%
Tubes : 30-40%
Peritoneal: 30-40%
Ovulatory: 10%
71
Q

What is the most common error in female?

A

Tubes
peritoneum
(endometriosis, PID)

72
Q

What is the most common ovulatory error?

A

PCOS: Polycystic ovarian syndrome

73
Q

If a man goes to the gym and takes steroids, what happens?

A

Infertility!

74
Q

What are the analytics for semen?

A 
Volume: 1.5-5ml
Concen: >20 million/ml
Motility: >40%
Morpho:>14%
pH:        >7.2 (alkali?)
Round cells: <1 mil/ml
75
Q

What do round cells mean in sperm?

A

Inflammation or infection (come from prostate)

76
Q

What do round cells do to sperm?

A

Premature activation: just burrow, don’t swim

77
Q

What do you do if you see round cells in semen?

A

antibiotics for 1 month

78
Q

What is the cause of retrograde ejactulation in males?

A

Type I diabetes… woah

79
Q

What are other investigations for male fertility other than semen?

A 
Retrograde ejaculation
Duct obstruction
Hypogonadism
CBAVD
Endocrine: FSH, LH, PRL, T
Karyotype
Y Chromosomal microdeletions
80
Q

What is the main problem in uterine infertility?

A

Fibroids> adhesions> congenital

Endometriosis> decreased receptivity

81
Q

What is the main ovarian error?

A

oligo/anovulaion
luteal phase deficiency
polycystic ovarian disease

82
Q

What is the definition of a polycystic ovary?

A

> 12 follicle cysts per ovary

Reproductive (31 decks)

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