Pathoma: Endocrine Pancreas

Question 1

“center of islets, insulin producing cells”

Answer 1

Beta cells

Question 2

“glucagon producing cells”

Answer 2

alpha cells

Question 3

Hormone that upregulates GLUT 4 receptor?

Answer 3

Insuline

Question 4

Where are GLUT 4 receptors found?

Answer 4

Skeletal muscle and adipose

Question 5

“insulin deficiency leading to metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia”

Answer 5

T1MD

Question 6

What is the cause of T1DM?

Answer 6

autoimmune destruction of beta cells by T lymphocytes

Question 7

HLA’s associated with T1DM?

Answer 7

HLA- DR3 and HLA- DR4

Question 8

What is seen in histology of T1DM?

Answer 8

inflammation of the islets

Question 9

Symptoms of T1DM?

Answer 9

Childhood, high serum glucose, low muscle mass, polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria, glycosuria

Question 10

Which stress hormone stimulates glucagon?

Answer 10

epinephrine

Question 11

3 criteria for DKA?

Answer 11

Hyperglycemia, ketones, metabolic acidosis

Question 12

Additional symptoms of DKA?

Answer 12

Kussmaul breathing,dehydration, nausea, vomiting, metal status changes, fruity smelling breath

Question 13

Treatment for DKA?

Answer 13

Fluids, insulin, electrolytes

Question 14

“end organ resistance to insulin resulting in diabetes”

Answer 14

T2DM

Question 15

What is the link between obesity and insulin receptors?

Answer 15

Insulin leads to decreased numbers of insulin receptors

Question 16

Describe insulin levels in T2DM?

Answer 16

High early on, but low later in disease because of beta cell exhaustion

Question 17

Findings in HHS?

Answer 17

No ketones, hyperglycemia, hyperosmolar dehydration

Question 18

Leading cause of death in diabetics?

Answer 18

CVD (atherosclerosis due to nonenzymatic glycosylation of basement membranes)

Question 19

NEG or small vessels causes…

Answer 19

arteriolosclerosis

Question 20

Islet cell tumors (insulinomas) are usually associated with which inherited constellation of neoplasms?

Answer 20

MEN1

Question 21

MEN 1= ______+ _______+ ______

Answer 21

insulinoma, parathyroid adenoma, pituitary adenoma

Question 22

Symptoms of insulinomas?

Answer 22

Hypoglycemia, mental status changes relieved by glucose, increased C-peptide

Question 23

“treatment resistant peptic ulcers”

Answer 23

Gastrinoma

Question 24

“achlorhydria, choleithiasis, steatorrhea”

Answer 24

somatostatinoma

Question 25

“watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, achlorhydria”

Answer 25

VIPoma