Endocrine: Adrenal Glands Flashcards

1
Q

“largest zone of the adrenal cortex”

A

Zona fasciculata

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2
Q

What organelles are abundant in steroid producing cells?

A

SER and mitochondria

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3
Q

Why is there Hyperplasia in CAH?

A

because of the unopposed ACTH effect on the gland

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4
Q

Which zone is the most hyperplastic in CAH?

A

Zona fasciculata

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5
Q

“female has psuedohermaphroditis and sterile as an adult, male has short stature and azospermia”

A

Simple virilizing congenital adrenal hyperplasia

21 hydroxylase deficiency

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6
Q

“virilization and hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, dehydration, hypotension, increased renin”

A

Salt-wasting CAH

21 hydroxylase deficiency

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7
Q

“no abnormalities at birth, virilization at puberty”

A

Late-onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia

21 hydroxylase deficiency

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8
Q

“high levels of androgen and 11-deoxycortisol, Hypernatremia, hypertension, seen in Jews”

A

11 beta hydroxylase deficnecy

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9
Q

“autoimmune destruction of the adrenal gland”

A

Addison’s disease

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10
Q

Aside from autoimmune, what is another common cause of addisons?

A

TB!

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11
Q

What type of immune problem is addisons?

A

T cell mediated damage…there are multiple HLA links

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of addisons?

A

Weight loss, Hypotension, salt wasting, hyperpigmentation, GI symptoms, hymphocytosis and eosinophelia

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13
Q

“adrenal insufficiency, hypoparathyrodism, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, type I diabetes, vitiligo, hypothyroidism”

A

Type I polyglandular autoimmune syndrome

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14
Q

“adrenal insufficiency, women, HLA-DR3, hashimoto’s, graves, T1DM, premature ovarian failure, more common”

A

Type II polyglandular autimmune syndrome

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15
Q

“acute, bilateral, hemorrhagic infarction of the adrenal cortex, due to meningococcus or psuedomonas”

A

Waterhous- Friderisch Syndrome

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16
Q

Most common cause of acute adrenal insufficiency?

A

Abrupt withdrawal of corticosteroids

17
Q

Most cases of ACTH dependent adrenal hyperfunction (cushing) are cuased by?

A

Ectopic productino of ACTH

18
Q

What syndromes are adrenal adenomas associate with? (3)

A

MEN 1, Carney complex, McCune- Albright Syndrome

19
Q

Most common cause of cushing syndrome?

A

chronic corticosteroid use

20
Q

“pigmented skin lesions, myxomas, testicular tumors, pituitary GH tumors, lipofuscin laden cells in the adrenals”

A

bilateral adrenal microndular hyperplasia/ Carney complex

21
Q

“inappropriate secretion of sldosterone due to adrenal adenoma or hyperplasia”

A

Conn Syndrome (hyperaldosteronism)

22
Q

“cells derived from primitive pheochromoblasts of the developing SNS”

A

Chromaffin cells

23
Q

Blood supply of the adrenal medulla?

A

portal system blood!

24
Q

Key symptoms of pheochromocytoma?

A

HTN

25
Q

What syndromes can Pheo’s be associated with?

A

MEN 2A/B, von Hippel- Lindau disease, neurofibromatosis Type I, McCune-Albright Syndrome

26
Q

“HTN, paroxysmal convulsions/ anxiety/ hyperventilation/ throbbing headache”

A

Pheo

27
Q

Classic histologic fundings in pheo?

A

Zellballen cells…circumscribed nests of neoplastic cells

28
Q

Pheo’s stain (+) for…

A

enolase (+)

Chormogranin (+)

Syndaptophysin (+)

29
Q

“Pheochromocytomas arising in extra-adrenal sites”

A

Paraganglioma

30
Q

Who are carotid body tumors more commonly found in?

A

people living in high altitudes

31
Q

Mutation in MEN 1 and MEN 2

A

MEN1= MEN1 tumor suppressor gene

MEN2= RET protoncogene

32
Q

“constellation of pituitary adenoma, parathyroid hyperplasia/ adenoma, islet cell tumors of the pancreas”

A

MEN type I

33
Q

“constellation of medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, hyperparathyroidism”

A

MEN type 2A

34
Q

“constellation of mucosal neuroma syndrome, marfanoid habitus (long fingers and limbs)”

A

MEN type 2B

35
Q

Most common solid extracranial neoplasms of children”

A

neuroblastomas

36
Q

How are neuroblastomas diagnosed?

A

Urine levels of norepi, VMA, HVA and DA

37
Q

Histology seen in neuroblastomas?

A

Homer-Wright Rosettes, sheets of small, dark, lymphocyte like cells

38
Q

“mature varient, neural crest tumor, older children/ young adults, benign tumors that arise from sympathetic ganglia”

A

ganglioneuroma