Pathoma: Adrenal Glands

Question 1

What are the layers of the adrenal gland?

Answer 1

glomerulosa, fasciculata and reticularis

Question 2

What layer of the adrenal gland makes mineral corticoids?

Answer 2

glomerulosa

Question 3

What layer of the adrenal gland makes glucocorticoids?

Answer 3

fasciculata

Question 4

What layer of the adrenal gland makes sex steroids?

Answer 4

reticularis

Question 5

“excess cortisol syndrome”

Answer 5

Hypercortisolism/ Cushing disease

Question 6

Symptoms of cushings?

Answer 6

Muscle weakness and thin extremities, moon facies, buffalo hump. abdnominal striae, HTN, osteoporosis, immune suppression

Question 7

What can cause cushings?

Answer 7

1- exogenous corticosteroids

2- primary adrenal adenoma, hyperplasia or carcinoma

3- ACTH secreting pituitary adenoma

4- Paraneoplastic ACTH secretion

Question 8

“excess aldosterone”

Answer 8

Hyperaldosteronism/ Conn syndrome

Question 9

How does conn syndrome present?

Answer 9

Na retention, Hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis

HTN

Question 10

Most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism?

Answer 10

sporadic adrenal hyperplasia

Question 11

Renin level in primary hypealdosteronism?

Answer 11

decreased!

Question 12

When is secondary hyperaldosteronism seen?

Answer 12

in activation of RAA system…aldosterone and renin will be increased

Question 13

“excess sex steroids with hyperplasia of both adrenal glands”

Answer 13

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Question 14

Most common CAH?

Answer 14

Inherited 21- hydroxilase deficiency

Question 15

What are the clinical symptoms of 21-hydroxlase defiency?

Answer 15

salt wasting (hyponatremia), hyperkalemia, hypovolemia, HTN, virilization, precocious puberty

Question 16

“hemorrhagic necrosis of adrenal glands, lack of cortisol that exacerbates hypotension”

Answer 16

Acute adrenal insufficiency–> Waterhouse- Friderichsen Syndrome

Question 17

What is addison’s disease?

Answer 17

chronic adrenal insufficeincy due to destruction of the adrenal glands (autoimmune, TB, metastatic carcinoma)

Question 18

Clinical features of Addison’s disease?

Answer 18

Hypotension, hyponatremia, hypovolemia, hyperkalemia, weakness, hyperpigmentation, vomiting, diarrhea

Question 19

What does the adrenal medulla produce in its chromaffin cells?

Answer 19

catecholamines

Question 20

What is a pheochromocytoma?

Answer 20

tumor or chromaffin cells

Question 21

What are the symptoms of pheochromocytoma?

Answer 21

episodic HTN, HA, palpitations, tachycardia, sweating