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Step 1 - Elise > Pathoma > Flashcards

Pathoma Flashcards

1
Q

IL-8, LTB4, C5a

A

Neutrophil attractants

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2
Q

PG that mediates fever and pain

A

PGE2 (fEver and pain)

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3
Q

Mediate vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

A

(COX) PGD2, PGI2, PGE2

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4
Q

Mediate vasoconstriction, bronchospasm, and increased vascular permeability.

How does permeability physically occur?

A

(5-LO) LTC4, LTD4, LTE4

Permeability dt LTs causing PERICYTES to contract and allow fluid to leak out from post capillary venule into into tissue. (slow reacting anaphylactic substances)

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5
Q

These activate what cell?

  1. tissue trauma
  2. complement C3a and C5a
  3. cross linking of cell surface IgE by antigen
A

mast cell activation:

Fast - histamine release
Delayed - LT release

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6
Q

Location of neutrophil arrival and action

A

post capillary venules

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7
Q

Weibel Palade bodies and TNF/IL-1 induce…

A

P-selectin and E-selectin

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8
Q

C5a dn LTB4 upregulate what on leukocytes

A

integrins

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9
Q

Delayed umbilical cord seperation, increased circulating neuts, recurrent bacterial infections that lack pus formation

A

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency.

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10
Q

IgG and C3b

A

opsonins that call neutrophils phagocytosis of pathogens

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11
Q
  • Increased risk of pyogenic infections (phagosome cannot merge with lysosome)
  • Neutropenia (due to inability to divide)
  • Giant granules in leukocytes (pile up and fusion of granules near golgi)
  • Defective primary hemostasis (dense granules in platelets)
  • Albinism
  • Peripheral Neuropathy
A

Chediak Higashi Syndrome.

Protein trafficking defect characterized by impaired phagolysosome formation and buildup of phagosomes.

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12
Q

Problem generating HOCl (bleach).

Catalase positive - why?

What nitroblue tetrazolium test result is positive for this disease?

A

Chronic Granulomatous Disease

NADPH oxidase defect.

Catalase positive Bacteria destroy H2O2, so NO SOURCE of H2O2.

Nitroblue asks if O2 –> O2- is intact –> then blue. If not intact, then colorless (positive for CGD).

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13
Q

How do neutrophils die? How many hours?

Results in?

A

Undergo apoptosis.
Within 24 hours.
Results in pus.

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14
Q

Neutrophils and macrophages - which is O2 dependent v. independent?

A

Neutrophils - O2 dependent.

Macrophages - O2 independent.

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15
Q

Macrophages cause these things via ___.

  • Resolution and healing (shut down inflammation) via ___ and ___
  • Continued acute inflammation (call in more neutrophils) via ___
  • Abscess
  • Chronic inflammation by becoming APC
A
  • IL-10 and TGF-Beta - resolution and healing (shut down inflammation)
  • IL-8 causes continued acute inflammation (call in more neutrophils)
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16
Q

lymphocytes are…

A

chronic inflammation.
T cells and B cells.
Can also become plasma cells.

17
Q

Macrophage with abundant pink cytoplasm

A

Epithelioid histiocyte - the DEFINING FEATURE OF a GRANULOMA.

18
Q

Description of granuloma due to: Reaction to foreign material, sarcoidosis, beryllium exposure, crohn disease, cat scratch (stellate shaped, in neck)

A

Noncaseating granulomas lack central necrosis.

19
Q

Description of granuloma due to: TB (AFB stain) and fungal infections (GMS or silver stain)

A

Caseating granulomas exhibit central necrosis

20
Q

What IL does macrophages secrete to differentiate CD4 to TH1?

What do TH1 cells then secrete to convert macrophages and epithelioid histiocytes and giant cells?

A

IL-12

IFN-gamma

21
Q

Mutated CD40L (Thcell) or CD40R (B cell)

A

Hyper IgM Syndrome - low IgA, IgG, IgE

22
Q

C5-9 deficiency

A

Neisseria infection

23
Q

C1 inhibitor deficiency

A

hereditary angioedema

24
Q

Sjogren has unilateral enlargement of a parotid gland. What is this indicative of (what complication of Sjogren)?

A

Increased risk for B cell (marginal zone) lymphoma.

25
Q

U1-ribonuclearprotein antibodies

A

mixed connective tissue disease

26
Q

CD34

A

bone marrow (hematopoietic stem cells)

27
Q

stem cell location in the bowel

stem cell location in the skin

A

bowel - at the base of the crypts

skin - basal layer

28
Q

three tissues that cannot regenerate (don’t have stem cells)

A

myocardium, neurons, skeletal muscle —> repair with a fibrous scar

Step 1 - Elise (30 decks)

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