Pathology of Vascular Disease Flashcards
endocardium
innermost layer of the heart; surrounds the walls of the chambers and the valves
mural vs valvular endocardial disease
mural: disease of ventricular wall endocardium (uncommon)
valvular: disease of valve endocardium (common)
valvular endocarditis
inflammation of the valve endocardium caused by bacterial infection
white spotted kidney disease
septicemia spread to the kidneys via valvular endocarditis (bacteria breaks off –> travels in capillaries –> reaches glomeruli in kidneys)
lesion: white spots around kidneys
what bacteria causes white spotted kidney disease in cattle vs horses
cattle: e. coli
horses: actinobacillus equuli
diamond skin disease
septicemia spread to the skin via embolization of valvular endocarditis in PIGS
causes vasculitis and thrombosis of dermal vessels –> regions of infarct and necrosis
what bacteria causes diamond skin disease in pigs
E. rhusiopathiae
pericardium
serous sac surrounding the heart; should have a very small amount of fluid in health
pericardial disease
pericardial effusion causes the heart to be unable to expand
causes a diastolic dysfunction
cardiac tamponade
severe, rapid decrease in cardiac output secondary to pericardial effusion
if slow decrease in CO –> pericardial sac may stretch and get compensation
if rapid –> can’t compensate
traumatic reticule-pericarditis (TRP)
hardware disease
caused by ruminant ingestion of a nail –> travels to rumen and reticulum –> punctures through reticulum into the heart –> spreads bacteria into pericardial sac
lesion: fibrinous/exudative infiltrate in pericardium
sequela: right sided heart failure
what is the most common primary cardiac neoplasia in dogs
hemangiosarcoma
where does hemangiosarcoma usually affect the heart
right auricle
is hemangiosarcoma benign or malignant
highly malignant; often metastasizes to lungs
how does hemangiosarcoma cause death
acute death from ruptured HSA –> blood fills pericardium –> diastolic dysfunction –> rapid loss of CO –> cardiac tamponade –> death
what is the most common metastatic tumor to the heart
lymphoma; can be primary but rare
examples of primary cardiac lymphoma
cattle: bovine leukemia virus (BLV, retrovirus); causes B cell lymphoma
chickens: Marek’s disease; galled herpesvirus-2 causes T cell lymphoma
atherosclerosis
formation of a plaque of macrophages + LDL/cholesterol
degenerative disease causing vessel wall thickening and narrowing of the lumen (subintimal - located in the wall)
NOT common in domestic animals; if in a dog then sub clinical in a mini schnauzer
arteriolosclerosis
smooth muscle proliferation and collagen deposition in the vessel wall
degenerative disease causing vessel wall thickening and narrowing of lumen
associated with hypertension
VERY common in domestic animals
vasculitis
inflammation within the vessel wall - infectious or non infectious
causes destruction of the vessel leaving it vulnerable to thrombosis
what is the top sign of aspergillus vasculitis
epistaxis (nose bleed)
what causes caval disease in cows
mycotic rumenitis from zygomyces infection
caval disease in cows mechanism
grain overload –> rumen acidosis –> kills commensal bacteria and damages epithelium –> zygomyces proliferation –> invades damaged epithelium –> invades vessels
travels from rumen to liver to heart to lungs
- rumen
- portal vein
- liver
- caudal vena cava
- RA (tricuspid valve endocarditis)
- RV
- PA
- lungs –> lung hemorrhage
lesions of caval disease in cattle
rumen acidosis
liver abscesses
tricuspid valve endocarditis
pulmonary hemorrhage
what causes caval disease in dogs
dirofilaria immitis (parasitic) infection
mechanism of caval disease in dogs
adults live in the pulmonary arteries and travel to RA when no more room
parasites shed foreign antibodies/proteins causing pulmonary hypertension
leads to R sided heart failure
R-HF: obstruction of CVC –> portal hypertension –> hepatomegaly –> ascites
immune mediated vascular disease
type III hypersensitivity caused by immune complexes that deposit in the vascular wall and activate complement, which leads to vascular necrosis
purpura hemorrhagica
type III hypersensitivity reaction affecting small capillaries in HORSES
caused by STREP. EQUI vaccine or infection
- bacteria resembles endothelium
- immune response targets strep and endothelium
lesions: vasculitis –> EDEMA + HEMORRHAGE
can be fatal
