Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

VET 408: Cardio/Respiratory > Anatomy of the Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Respiratory Tract Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the respiratory tract

A
  • warm and humidify air
  • olfaction
  • phonation
  • storage of blood
  • metabolism of air and blood borne compounds
  • immune role
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the three regions of the respiratory tract

A
  1. nasopharyngeal
  2. tracheobronchial
  3. pulmonary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what regions constitute the upper airway tract

A

nasopharyngeal (nasal cavity + pharynx)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what regions constitute the lower airway tract

A

tracheobronchial and pulmonary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what makes up the nasopharyngeal region

A

nasal cavity and pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

function of the hard palate

A

separates the oral and nasal cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

concha (turbinates)

A

folded epithelium that run the length of the nasal cavity

dorsal, ventral, and middle concha

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

functions of the concha/turbinates

A
  • increase SA of the epithelium
  • create turbulent air flow
  • humidify air
  • filter air
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what type of concha are located rostrally

A

dorsal and ventral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what type of concha are located caudally

A

middle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

meatus

A

the openings created by the concha that the air passes through (named by the region of the concha)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

nasal septum

A

cartilage that separates the right and left nasal cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

common meatus

A

opening around the nasal septum for air flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

vomeronasal organ

A

located in the nasal cavity (dogs) or hard palate (horses) to detect pheromones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

choana

A

the connection between the nasal cavity and pharynx (nasopharynx)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what type of epithelium is found in the nasal cavity

A
  • squamous epithelium (on the skin of the face as it enters into the nares)
  • respiratory epithelium (surrounds dorsal/ventral concha)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

respiratory epithelium

A

pseudostratified, ciliated columnar epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what types of cells (and their function) are in respiratory epithelium

A
  • ciliated cells: move mucus lining along the nose
  • mucous cells: produce mucous
  • basal cells: stem cell progenitors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

specialized epithelium located around the middle concha

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

olfactory cells

A

bipolar nerve cells with nuclei located in the middle of the epithelium

extend cilia into the lumen of the airway to detect odor molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

supporting cells (of olfactory epithelium)

A

located in the apical segment of epithelium; surrounds the olfactory cell nuclei to provide support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

basal cells (of olfactory epithelium)

A

located in the basal segment of epithelium; progenitor cells for olfactory cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

epiglottis during breathing

A

epiglottis rests on the soft palate to block the oral cavity from the esophagus

air flows from nasopharynx –> larynx –> trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

epiglottis during swallowing

A

epiglottis moves back to block off the trachea

food/water flows from oral cavity –> esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
hyoid apparatus
moves the epiglottis to allow for breathing and swallowing
26
components of the tracheobronchial region
trachea and bronchi
27
trachea
largest air conducting region; conducts from pharynx --> mainstem bronchi
28
structural components of the trachea
- C shaped cartilage - trachealis muscle (covers the opening in the C shaped cartilage)
29
trachealis muscle species differences
dogs: muscle is exterior to the cartilage LA: muscle is interior to the cartilage
30
bronchi
air conducting region that the trachea bifurcates into
31
structural components of the bronchi
- cartilage islands/plates - submucosal glands (mucous, serous, both)
32
mainstem bronchi
R and L branches off of the trachea that enter each lung present in all species
33
tracheal bronchus
additional branch off of the trachea that provides air to the right cranial lung lobe only in pigs and ruminants
34
cell types in tracheobronchial epithelium
1. goblet cells 2. ciliated cells 3. basal cells others: serous, brush, neuroendocrine
35
goblet cell function
secrete the mucous lining (gel) that protects the airways by capturing particles in the air
36
ciliated cell function
move the mucous lining up and out of the lungs cilia will beat in coordination with each other to propel the mucous lining
37
serous cells
produce watery secretions ("sol") that surround the cilia to allow for free movement if mucous layer is too thick - cilia would not be able to move mucous layer floats on top of the serous layer
38
brush cells
have small micro cilia that detect materials in the airway to regulate airflow
39
neuroendocrine cells
produce secretions to dilate/contract the airways
40
components of the pulmonary region
lungs, pulmonary vessels, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts
41
right lung lobes
cranial, middle, caudal
42
left lung lobes
cranial and caudal
43
mesothelial cells
serosal lining of the visceral pleura produces a watery solution for lung movement
44
pulmonary arteries and veins
arteries: bring deoxygenated blood from R heart to lungs veins: bring oxygenated blood from lungs to L heart
45
immune components of the lung
tight junctions, dendritic cells, LNs in interstitial walls
46
airway generations
trachea --> bronchi --> bronchioles --> respiratory bronchioles --> alveolar ducts --> alveoli
47
how does diameter and cross sectional area change across airway generations
diameter decreases cross sectional area of airway increases
48
conducting zone
trachea + bronchi + bronchioles only function is to conduct air (NO gas exchange)
49
how to differentiate components of conducting zone
trachea: C shaped cartilage and trachealis muscle bronchi: cartilage plates and submucosal glands (mucous and serous) bronchioles: no cartilage or submucosal glands (NO mucous - overproduction would cause mucus plugs)
50
what cell types (and their functions) are present in bronchioles
club cells: produce watery secretions ciliated cells: moves water secretions
51
transition zone
respiratory bronchioles only air conduction AND gas exchange NOT present in horses (terminal bronchioles open directly into alveolar ducts)
52
respiratory bronchioles
similar to bronchioles (no cartilage or submucosal glands) but have outpocketings of alveoli
53
respiratory zone
alveolar ducts + terminal alveoli gas exchange ONLY
54
pulmonary acinus
site of all gas exchange does NOT connect with other pulmonary acini includes structures below the terminal bronchioles (respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts)
55
alveolar ducts
channels completely lined by alveolar outpocketings (every alveoli opens into either a respiratory bronchiole or alveolar duct)
56
why is a high surface area of alveoli required
allows for rapid gas exchange
57
alveolar septa
walls surrounding the alveoli that allow for gas exchange contains a capillary bed that brings deoxygenated blood into the lung for oxygenation
58
thin vs thick septal wall
thin: site of air to blood interface; type I alveolar cells thick: contains collagen and elastin to maintain structure; type II alveolar cells
59
septal tip
forms the mouth opening around the alveolus; forms scaffolding
60
type I alveolar cells
thin, single nucleated cells that make up the gas exchange surface fried egg appearance
61
type II alveolar cells
cuboidal cells that secrete the fluid that lines the alveoli (lamellar body)
62
lamellar body
gets secreted onto the alveolar surface and unravels to form a thin layer of pulmonary surfactant
63
function of pulmonary surfactant
reduce surface tension in the lungs to keep small alveoli open
64
alveolar macrophages
phagocytic cells that maintain sterility of the lungs
65
what does successful embryonic lung development require
1. proper structural maturation 2. surfactant development
66
basic embryonic lung development
1. laryngotracheal groove 2. forms respiratory diverticulum 3. forms lung buds 4. forms lung lobes
67
what two embryonic dermal layers are involved in lung development
1. splanchnic mesoderm 2. endoderm
68
splanchnic mesoderm
forms the outer layer of the laryngotracheal tube and lung buds becomes smooth muscle and cartilage layers
69
endoderm
forms the inner layer of the laryngotracheal tube and lung buds becomes the epithelium and submucosal glands
70
periods of lung maturation
1. pseudoglandular period 2. canicular period 3. terminal sac period 4. alveolar period
71
pseudoglandular period
formation of terminal bronchioles via branching (NO respiratory bronchioles or alveoli yet) goblet cells and smooth tissue around large airways forms simple columnar epithelium
72
canicular period
terminal bronchioles branch into 2+ resp. bronchioles, which divide into alveolar ducts capillary network begins developing type I and II alveolar cells form cuboidal epithelium
73
terminal sac period
terminal sacs (primitive alveoli) form and capillaries establish contact proliferation of alveoli
74
alveolar period
occurs AFTER BIRTH mature alveoli develop capillary contact
75
at what point can an animal be born premature and still survive
terminal sac period
76
what period is required for maturation of the lungs
alveolar period - need blood flow through lung for maturation to occur

VET 408: Cardio/Respiratory (38 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions