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VET 408: Cardio/Respiratory > Anatomy of the Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Respiratory Tract Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the respiratory tract

A
  • warm and humidify air
  • olfaction
  • phonation
  • storage of blood
  • metabolism of air and blood borne compounds
  • immune role
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2
Q

what are the three regions of the respiratory tract

A
  1. nasopharyngeal
  2. tracheobronchial
  3. pulmonary
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3
Q

what regions constitute the upper airway tract

A

nasopharyngeal (nasal cavity + pharynx)

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4
Q

what regions constitute the lower airway tract

A

tracheobronchial and pulmonary

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5
Q

what makes up the nasopharyngeal region

A

nasal cavity and pharynx

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6
Q

function of the hard palate

A

separates the oral and nasal cavities

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7
Q

concha (turbinates)

A

folded epithelium that run the length of the nasal cavity

dorsal, ventral, and middle concha

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8
Q

functions of the concha/turbinates

A
  • increase SA of the epithelium
  • create turbulent air flow
  • humidify air
  • filter air
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9
Q

what type of concha are located rostrally

A

dorsal and ventral

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10
Q

what type of concha are located caudally

A

middle

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11
Q

meatus

A

the openings created by the concha that the air passes through (named by the region of the concha)

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12
Q

nasal septum

A

cartilage that separates the right and left nasal cavities

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13
Q

common meatus

A

opening around the nasal septum for air flow

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14
Q

vomeronasal organ

A

located in the nasal cavity (dogs) or hard palate (horses) to detect pheromones

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15
Q

choana

A

the connection between the nasal cavity and pharynx (nasopharynx)

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16
Q

what type of epithelium is found in the nasal cavity

A
  • squamous epithelium (on the skin of the face as it enters into the nares)
  • respiratory epithelium (surrounds dorsal/ventral concha)
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17
Q

respiratory epithelium

A

pseudostratified, ciliated columnar epithelium

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18
Q

what types of cells (and their function) are in respiratory epithelium

A
  • ciliated cells: move mucus lining along the nose
  • mucous cells: produce mucous
  • basal cells: stem cell progenitors
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19
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

specialized epithelium located around the middle concha

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20
Q

olfactory cells

A

bipolar nerve cells with nuclei located in the middle of the epithelium

extend cilia into the lumen of the airway to detect odor molecules

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21
Q

supporting cells (of olfactory epithelium)

A

located in the apical segment of epithelium; surrounds the olfactory cell nuclei to provide support

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22
Q

basal cells (of olfactory epithelium)

A

located in the basal segment of epithelium; progenitor cells for olfactory cells

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23
Q

epiglottis during breathing

A

epiglottis rests on the soft palate to block the oral cavity from the esophagus

air flows from nasopharynx –> larynx –> trachea

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24
Q

epiglottis during swallowing

A

epiglottis moves back to block off the trachea

food/water flows from oral cavity –> esophagus

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25
Q

hyoid apparatus

A

moves the epiglottis to allow for breathing and swallowing

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26
Q

components of the tracheobronchial region

A

trachea and bronchi

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27
Q

trachea

A

largest air conducting region; conducts from pharynx –> mainstem bronchi

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28
Q

structural components of the trachea

A
  • C shaped cartilage
  • trachealis muscle (covers the opening in the C shaped cartilage)
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29
Q

trachealis muscle species differences

A

dogs: muscle is exterior to the cartilage
LA: muscle is interior to the cartilage

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30
Q

bronchi

A

air conducting region that the trachea bifurcates into

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31
Q

structural components of the bronchi

A
  • cartilage islands/plates
  • submucosal glands (mucous, serous, both)
32
Q

mainstem bronchi

A

R and L branches off of the trachea that enter each lung

present in all species

33
Q

tracheal bronchus

A

additional branch off of the trachea that provides air to the right cranial lung lobe

only in pigs and ruminants

34
Q

cell types in tracheobronchial epithelium

A
  1. goblet cells
  2. ciliated cells
  3. basal cells

others: serous, brush, neuroendocrine

35
Q

goblet cell function

A

secrete the mucous lining (gel) that protects the airways by capturing particles in the air

36
Q

ciliated cell function

A

move the mucous lining up and out of the lungs

cilia will beat in coordination with each other to propel the mucous lining

37
Q

serous cells

A

produce watery secretions (“sol”) that surround the cilia to allow for free movement

if mucous layer is too thick - cilia would not be able to move

mucous layer floats on top of the serous layer

38
Q

brush cells

A

have small micro cilia that detect materials in the airway to regulate airflow

39
Q

neuroendocrine cells

A

produce secretions to dilate/contract the airways

40
Q

components of the pulmonary region

A

lungs, pulmonary vessels, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts

41
Q

right lung lobes

A

cranial, middle, caudal

42
Q

left lung lobes

A

cranial and caudal

43
Q

mesothelial cells

A

serosal lining of the visceral pleura

produces a watery solution for lung movement

44
Q

pulmonary arteries and veins

A

arteries: bring deoxygenated blood from R heart to lungs

veins: bring oxygenated blood from lungs to L heart

45
Q

immune components of the lung

A

tight junctions, dendritic cells, LNs in interstitial walls

46
Q

airway generations

A

trachea –> bronchi –> bronchioles –> respiratory bronchioles –> alveolar ducts –> alveoli

47
Q

how does diameter and cross sectional area change across airway generations

A

diameter decreases
cross sectional area of airway increases

48
Q

conducting zone

A

trachea + bronchi + bronchioles

only function is to conduct air (NO gas exchange)

49
Q

how to differentiate components of conducting zone

A

trachea: C shaped cartilage and trachealis muscle

bronchi: cartilage plates and submucosal glands (mucous and serous)

bronchioles: no cartilage or submucosal glands (NO mucous - overproduction would cause mucus plugs)

50
Q

what cell types (and their functions) are present in bronchioles

A

club cells: produce watery secretions
ciliated cells: moves water secretions

51
Q

transition zone

A

respiratory bronchioles only

air conduction AND gas exchange

NOT present in horses (terminal bronchioles open directly into alveolar ducts)

52
Q

respiratory bronchioles

A

similar to bronchioles (no cartilage or submucosal glands) but have outpocketings of alveoli

53
Q

respiratory zone

A

alveolar ducts + terminal alveoli

gas exchange ONLY

54
Q

pulmonary acinus

A

site of all gas exchange

does NOT connect with other pulmonary acini

includes structures below the terminal bronchioles (respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts)

55
Q

alveolar ducts

A

channels completely lined by alveolar outpocketings

(every alveoli opens into either a respiratory bronchiole or alveolar duct)

56
Q

why is a high surface area of alveoli required

A

allows for rapid gas exchange

57
Q

alveolar septa

A

walls surrounding the alveoli that allow for gas exchange

contains a capillary bed that brings deoxygenated blood into the lung for oxygenation

58
Q

thin vs thick septal wall

A

thin: site of air to blood interface; type I alveolar cells

thick: contains collagen and elastin to maintain structure; type II alveolar cells

59
Q

septal tip

A

forms the mouth opening around the alveolus; forms scaffolding

60
Q

type I alveolar cells

A

thin, single nucleated cells that make up the gas exchange surface

fried egg appearance

61
Q

type II alveolar cells

A

cuboidal cells that secrete the fluid that lines the alveoli (lamellar body)

62
Q

lamellar body

A

gets secreted onto the alveolar surface and unravels to form a thin layer of pulmonary surfactant

63
Q

function of pulmonary surfactant

A

reduce surface tension in the lungs to keep small alveoli open

64
Q

alveolar macrophages

A

phagocytic cells that maintain sterility of the lungs

65
Q

what does successful embryonic lung development require

A
  1. proper structural maturation
  2. surfactant development
66
Q

basic embryonic lung development

A
  1. laryngotracheal groove
  2. forms respiratory diverticulum
  3. forms lung buds
  4. forms lung lobes
67
Q

what two embryonic dermal layers are involved in lung development

A
  1. splanchnic mesoderm
  2. endoderm
68
Q

splanchnic mesoderm

A

forms the outer layer of the laryngotracheal tube and lung buds

becomes smooth muscle and cartilage layers

69
Q

endoderm

A

forms the inner layer of the laryngotracheal tube and lung buds

becomes the epithelium and submucosal glands

70
Q

periods of lung maturation

A
  1. pseudoglandular period
  2. canicular period
  3. terminal sac period
  4. alveolar period
71
Q

pseudoglandular period

A

formation of terminal bronchioles via branching
(NO respiratory bronchioles or alveoli yet)

goblet cells and smooth tissue around large airways forms

simple columnar epithelium

72
Q

canicular period

A

terminal bronchioles branch into 2+ resp. bronchioles, which divide into alveolar ducts

capillary network begins developing
type I and II alveolar cells form

cuboidal epithelium

73
Q

terminal sac period

A

terminal sacs (primitive alveoli) form and capillaries establish contact

proliferation of alveoli

74
Q

alveolar period

A

occurs AFTER BIRTH

mature alveoli develop capillary contact

75
Q

at what point can an animal be born premature and still survive

A

terminal sac period

76
Q

what period is required for maturation of the lungs

A

alveolar period - need blood flow through lung for maturation to occur

VET 408: Cardio/Respiratory (38 decks)

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