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VET 408: Cardio/Respiratory > Echocardiography > Flashcards

Echocardiography Flashcards

1
Q

what are the modes of echocardiography

A
  1. 2-dimensional
  2. M-mode
  3. doppler echocardiography
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2
Q

2-dimensional echo

A

main view; used to evaluate cardiac anatomy

long (sagittal) and short (transverse) planes

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3
Q

M-mode echo

A

motion; monitors movement at one spot over time

used to evaluate cardiac function

short (transverse) planes

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4
Q

doppler echocardiography

A

spectral and color

used to evaluate direction and speed (velocity) of blood flow

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5
Q

what direction do the doppler waves need to be relative to blood flow

A

parallel

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6
Q

what are the 2D views

A

R parasternal long axis: 4 and 5 chamber views

R parasternal short axis: LV, MV, basilar, and PA views

L apical: 4 and 5 chamber view

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7
Q

right parasternal long axis 4 chamber view

A

views L and some R heart

RV –> TV –> RA
LV –> MV –> LA

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8
Q

right parasternal long axis 5 chamber view

A

views aorta and AV valve

similar to 4 chamber view but angled to see aorta

RV –> TV –> RA
LV –> AV + MV –> AO + LA

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9
Q

right parasternal short axis LV view

A

“mushroom” view

views the LV and papillary muscles

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10
Q

right parasternal short axis MV view

A

“fish lips” view

views both leaflets of the MV

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11
Q

right parasternal short axis basilar view

A

“whale” and “mercedes” view

views the LA and aorta

good for identifying LA enlargement

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12
Q

what is the normal size of the LA

A

compare to the size of the aorta in right parasternal short axis basilar view

LA diameter should be <1.6x the diameter of the aorta

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13
Q

right parasternal short axis PA view

A

views the pulmonary artery and branches

PA should be less than or equal to the size of the aorta

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14
Q

left apical 4 chamber view

A

views regurgitation and velocity of blood flow on doppler

RV, LV
RA, LA

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15
Q

left apical 5 chamber view

A

views aorta and AV valve

similar to left apical 4 chamber view but angled to see aorta

RV, LV
RA, AO, LA

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16
Q

what are the M-mode views

A

R parasternal short axis LV, MV, basilar

evaluates motion over time in a single “ice-pick” view

depth: vertically
time: horizontally

17
Q

when is systole vs diastole on m-mode

A

systole: shorter depth in ventricles
diastole: larger depth in ventricles

18
Q

what m-mode view can you see the opening and closing of the mitral valve

A

R parasternal short axis MV view

makes an “m-shaped” wave consisting of E and A wave

19
Q

what m-mode view can you see the opening and closing of the aortic valve

A

R parasternal short axis basilar view

makes an “O-shaped” wave

20
Q

fractional shortening

A

index of contractility - NOT a direct measure due to the effect of pre/afterload

21
Q

how to calculate fractional shortening

A

FS = [(LVDD - LVDS) / LVDD] x 100

LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter
LVDS: left ventricular systolic diameter

22
Q

normal fractional shortening

A

dogs: 25-40%
cats: 35-50%

23
Q

color flow doppler

A

detects the direction of blood flow

24
Q

BART map on color flow doppler

A

pneumonic for direction of blood flow on color flow

blue = away from probe
red = toward probe
green/yellow = turbulent flow

25
Q

what does green/yellow on color flow doppler indicate

A

turbulent blood flow

ex. regurgitation

26
Q

spectral flow doppler

A

detects the velocity of flow

can be used to calculate the pressure gradient across a valve or shunt

27
Q

how to calculate pressure gradient using spectral flow

A

Bernoulli’s equation:

deltaP = 4 x V^2

28
Q

how can you tell direction of blood flow on spectral doppler

A

positive wave = blood flow towards probe
neutral wave = blood flow perpendicular to probe
negative wave = blood flow away from probe

29
Q

what view is best for measuring aortic valve velocity

A

subcostal view

30
Q

what are the uses for electrocardiography

A
  1. structural defects
  2. pericardial effusion
  3. blood flow direction and velocity
  4. calculate pressure gradients
31
Q

difference between horse echos and SA

A

uses all the same views EXCEPT left apical due to size of chest

uses left parasternal long axis view instead

VET 408: Cardio/Respiratory (38 decks)

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