Auscultation

Question 1

S1 sound

Answer 1

closing of AV valves during early systole (phase 2)

normal in all species

Question 2

S2 sound

Answer 2

closing of SL valves during early diastole (phase 5)

normal in all species

Question 3

S3 sound

Answer 3

rapid ventricular filling - occurs during diastole (phase 6)

normal in large animals
abnormal in small animals

Question 4

S4 sound

Answer 4

“topping off” ventricular filling - occurs during late diastole (phase 1)

normal in large animals
abnormal in small animals

Question 5

phonocardiograms

Answer 5

graphical representation of the heart sounds in relation to the ECG

Question 6

gallop sounds

Answer 6

additional heart sound

ex. S3 or S4 in small animals

Question 7

split heart sounds

Answer 7

two separate sounds heard at S1 or S2

caused by mitral and tricuspid valves (or aortic and pulmonary valves) closing at different times

Question 8

clicks

Answer 8

additional sound between S1 and S2

caused by mitral valve prolapse into LA during ventricular contraction

Question 9

sinus arrhythmias

Answer 9

regularly irregular arrhythmia

can be normal in dogs

Question 10

atrial fibrillation

Answer 10

irregularly irregular and tachycardia

caused by irregular atrial contractions

Question 11

what causes murmurs

Answer 11

turbulent blood flow through vessels

Question 12

regurgitation murmurs

Answer 12

caused by back flow of blood through valve

mitral: left apical systolic regurgitant murmur
tricuspid: right apical systolic regurgitant murmur
aortic insufficiency: left base diastolic decrescendo murmur

Question 13

congenital disease murmurs

Answer 13

patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) - left base continuous murmur
ventricular septal defect (VSD) - right systolic murmur
pulmonic stenosis (PS) - left base systolic ejection murmur
subaortic stenosis (SAS) - left base systolic ejection murmur

Question 14

what characteristics are used to describe murmurs

Answer 14

intensity (grade)
timing (systolic, diastolic, continuous)
location (L, R, apical, base)
characteristic (crescendo, decrescendo, diamond, plateau)

Question 15

grade 1 murmur

Answer 15

soft, focal, not readily apparent

Question 16

grade 2 murmur

Answer 16

soft, focal, readily apparent

Question 17

grade 3 murmur

Answer 17

moderate, radiates to more than one location

Question 18

grade 4 murmur

Answer 18

loud without palpable thrill, radiates widely

Question 19

grade 5 murmur

Answer 19

very loud with palpable precordial thrill

Question 20

grade 6 murmur

Answer 20

can be heard without stethoscope, has palpable thrill

Question 21

systolic murmur

Answer 21

between S1 and S2

Question 22

diastolic murmur

Answer 22

between S2 and following S1

Question 23

continuous murmurs

Answer 23

throughout S1 and S2