Comparative Anatomy: Fish and Avian Flashcards
does water have a higher or lower PO2 than air
lower - O2 is less soluble in water than in air
brachial irrigation
the passage of water through the gills for respiration; requires a respiratory pump to maintain constant water flow over gills
respiratory pump
pushes water from buccpharyngeal cavity –> parabronchial/opercular cavity –> operculum –> over gills
RAM ventilation
mechanism of fish holding their mouth open while they swim to allow for constant water flow
seen in pelagic fish (sharks)
countercurrent exchange
bringing blood and respiratory water into close contact on either side of a membrane through which gas can diffuse
is countercurrent exchange active or passive
passive - gas moves from high to low concentration
respiratory volume
the volume of water pumped over the gills
gills
branching organs that contain small capillaries for gas exchange
used for excretion of nitrogenous waste –> can measure BUN to evaluate gill function
what color are gills in health
homogenous, bright red
gill arch
cartilage core that provides structure to the gills
gill rakers
short, rigid cartilage projections that filter debris to protect the gills
primary lamellae
gill filaments that project off of the gill arch
secondary lamellae
ridges with thin walls that constitute the barrier between blood and surrounding water
project off of the primary lamellae
gill mount
method of evaluating gill health
normal gills on gill mount
gills should have open spaces between secondary lamellae to allow water passage
what happens to gills in disease
hypertrophy and hyperplasia –> loss of space for water flow between filaments
hamburger gill disease
a type of proliferative gill disease
fish heart anatomy
sinus venosus –> atrium –> ventricle –> bulbus/conus arteriosus
sinus venosus
receives deoxygenated blood
also the pacemaker region
what is unique about the fish atrium endothelium
phagocytic - has immune function
caudal peduncle
area between the anal, caudal, and dorsal fins
site of the lateral line where the caudal vein and artery run ventral to the vertebrae
lateral line
site of blood collection
where does hematopoiesis occur in fish
spleen and kidneys
do birds have lymph nodes
no
bird heart anatomy
four chambered heart
located in cranial coelomic cavity
valve types in avian heart
L AV valve: tricuspid
R AV valve: single flap attached to RVFW that closes in response to purkinje system
SL valves: tricuspid
how many aortic arches persist in avian adults
3 - carotid, aorta, pulmonary artery
what does the carotid supply in birds
brain and neck
what does the subclavian supply in birds
wings and muscles
where does the majority of cardiac output go in birds
heart
liver
kidneys
intestines
if flying: wings and pectorals
how many vena cava do birds have
2 cranial - 1 right, 1 left
1 caudal
what is unique about avian erythrocytes
oval and nucleated
what is unique about avian thrombocytes
large and nucleated
what are 3 common avian cardiomyopathies
- sudden death syndrome
- dilated cardiomyopathy
- ascites pulmonary hypertension
sudden death syndrome (SDS)
“flip over disease” - sudden death after wing flapping episode
occurs in fast growing broiler chickens caused by ventricular fibrillation, electrolyte/metabolic imbalances, genetic/enviromental factors
causes acute death - red/white mottling of breast and congested lungs
dilated cardiomyopathy in birds
round heart disease - causes low cardiac output and systemic hypotension
caused by genetics, viral myocarditis, incubation hypoxia
causes hydropericardium, ascites, organ congestion
ascites pulmonary hypertension
rapid growth causes an increase in metabolic rate; leads to high O2 demand and increased workload on the heart
insufficiency lung capacity –> pulmonary hypertension –> RV hypertrophy –> dilation –> R heart failure –> ascites
what is unique about respiration in birds
ventilation and gas exchange functions are separated between air sacs and lungs
function of air sacs
site of ventilation
membranous structures that attach to primary and secondary bronchi and bellow air through the parabronchial lung for gas exchange
how many air sacs are there
9 total
2 cervical
1 clavicular
2 cranial thoracic
2 caudal thoracic
2 abdominal
does air movement through air sacs rely on pressure gradient
NO
function of the parabronchial lung
site of gas exchange
located dorsally and embedded into rib cage
do the lungs require a pressure gradient
NO
do the lungs change size while breathing
NO
what are the air conducting and gas exchange regions of the parabronchial lung
primary/secondary bronchi - conducting airways
parabronchi - gas exchange
choana
slit in the roof of the mouth that connects the oropharynx with the nasal cavity
larynx
separates oro-nasal cavity from the trachea
what kind of cartilage surrounds the trachea
surrounded by a complete cartilaginous ring
what is unique about avian trachea
holds a large volume - respiration need to be slow and deep to compensate for high amount of dead space
syringe/syrinx
bifurcation of the trachea into bronchi; site of vocalization
pneumatic bones
hollow bones that allow for airflow
what are the two main respiratory diseases in birds
- Newcastle disease
- avian influenza
