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VET 408: Cardio/Respiratory > Comparative Anatomy: Fish and Avian > Flashcards

Comparative Anatomy: Fish and Avian Flashcards

1
Q

does water have a higher or lower PO2 than air

A

lower - O2 is less soluble in water than in air

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2
Q

brachial irrigation

A

the passage of water through the gills for respiration; requires a respiratory pump to maintain constant water flow over gills

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3
Q

respiratory pump

A

pushes water from buccpharyngeal cavity –> parabronchial/opercular cavity –> operculum –> over gills

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4
Q

RAM ventilation

A

mechanism of fish holding their mouth open while they swim to allow for constant water flow

seen in pelagic fish (sharks)

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5
Q

countercurrent exchange

A

bringing blood and respiratory water into close contact on either side of a membrane through which gas can diffuse

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6
Q

is countercurrent exchange active or passive

A

passive - gas moves from high to low concentration

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7
Q

respiratory volume

A

the volume of water pumped over the gills

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8
Q

gills

A

branching organs that contain small capillaries for gas exchange

used for excretion of nitrogenous waste –> can measure BUN to evaluate gill function

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9
Q

what color are gills in health

A

homogenous, bright red

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10
Q

gill arch

A

cartilage core that provides structure to the gills

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11
Q

gill rakers

A

short, rigid cartilage projections that filter debris to protect the gills

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12
Q

primary lamellae

A

gill filaments that project off of the gill arch

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13
Q

secondary lamellae

A

ridges with thin walls that constitute the barrier between blood and surrounding water

project off of the primary lamellae

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14
Q

gill mount

A

method of evaluating gill health

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15
Q

normal gills on gill mount

A

gills should have open spaces between secondary lamellae to allow water passage

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16
Q

what happens to gills in disease

A

hypertrophy and hyperplasia –> loss of space for water flow between filaments

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17
Q

hamburger gill disease

A

a type of proliferative gill disease

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18
Q

fish heart anatomy

A

sinus venosus –> atrium –> ventricle –> bulbus/conus arteriosus

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19
Q

sinus venosus

A

receives deoxygenated blood
also the pacemaker region

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20
Q

what is unique about the fish atrium endothelium

A

phagocytic - has immune function

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21
Q

caudal peduncle

A

area between the anal, caudal, and dorsal fins
site of the lateral line where the caudal vein and artery run ventral to the vertebrae

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22
Q

lateral line

A

site of blood collection

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23
Q

where does hematopoiesis occur in fish

A

spleen and kidneys

24
Q

do birds have lymph nodes

A

no

25
Q

bird heart anatomy

A

four chambered heart
located in cranial coelomic cavity

26
Q

valve types in avian heart

A

L AV valve: tricuspid
R AV valve: single flap attached to RVFW that closes in response to purkinje system
SL valves: tricuspid

27
Q

how many aortic arches persist in avian adults

A

3 - carotid, aorta, pulmonary artery

28
Q

what does the carotid supply in birds

A

brain and neck

29
Q

what does the subclavian supply in birds

A

wings and muscles

30
Q

where does the majority of cardiac output go in birds

A

heart
liver
kidneys
intestines

if flying: wings and pectorals

31
Q

how many vena cava do birds have

A

2 cranial - 1 right, 1 left
1 caudal

32
Q

what is unique about avian erythrocytes

A

oval and nucleated

33
Q
A
34
Q
A
35
Q

what is unique about avian thrombocytes

A

large and nucleated

35
Q

what are 3 common avian cardiomyopathies

A
  1. sudden death syndrome
  2. dilated cardiomyopathy
  3. ascites pulmonary hypertension
36
Q

sudden death syndrome (SDS)

A

“flip over disease” - sudden death after wing flapping episode

occurs in fast growing broiler chickens caused by ventricular fibrillation, electrolyte/metabolic imbalances, genetic/enviromental factors

causes acute death - red/white mottling of breast and congested lungs

37
Q
A
38
Q

dilated cardiomyopathy in birds

A

round heart disease - causes low cardiac output and systemic hypotension

caused by genetics, viral myocarditis, incubation hypoxia

causes hydropericardium, ascites, organ congestion

39
Q

ascites pulmonary hypertension

A

rapid growth causes an increase in metabolic rate; leads to high O2 demand and increased workload on the heart

insufficiency lung capacity –> pulmonary hypertension –> RV hypertrophy –> dilation –> R heart failure –> ascites

40
Q

what is unique about respiration in birds

A

ventilation and gas exchange functions are separated between air sacs and lungs

41
Q

function of air sacs

A

site of ventilation

membranous structures that attach to primary and secondary bronchi and bellow air through the parabronchial lung for gas exchange

42
Q

how many air sacs are there

A

9 total
2 cervical
1 clavicular
2 cranial thoracic
2 caudal thoracic
2 abdominal

43
Q

does air movement through air sacs rely on pressure gradient

A

NO

44
Q

function of the parabronchial lung

A

site of gas exchange

located dorsally and embedded into rib cage

45
Q

do the lungs require a pressure gradient

A

NO

46
Q

do the lungs change size while breathing

A

NO

47
Q

what are the air conducting and gas exchange regions of the parabronchial lung

A

primary/secondary bronchi - conducting airways

parabronchi - gas exchange

48
Q

choana

A

slit in the roof of the mouth that connects the oropharynx with the nasal cavity

49
Q

larynx

A

separates oro-nasal cavity from the trachea

50
Q

what kind of cartilage surrounds the trachea

A

surrounded by a complete cartilaginous ring

51
Q

what is unique about avian trachea

A

holds a large volume - respiration need to be slow and deep to compensate for high amount of dead space

52
Q

syringe/syrinx

A

bifurcation of the trachea into bronchi; site of vocalization

53
Q

pneumatic bones

A

hollow bones that allow for airflow

54
Q

what are the two main respiratory diseases in birds

A
  1. Newcastle disease
  2. avian influenza
55
Q
A

VET 408: Cardio/Respiratory (38 decks)

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