Comparative Anatomy: Fish and Avian

Question 1

does water have a higher or lower PO2 than air

Answer 1

lower - O2 is less soluble in water than in air

Question 2

brachial irrigation

Answer 2

the passage of water through the gills for respiration; requires a respiratory pump to maintain constant water flow over gills

Question 3

respiratory pump

Answer 3

pushes water from buccpharyngeal cavity –> parabronchial/opercular cavity –> operculum –> over gills

Question 4

RAM ventilation

Answer 4

mechanism of fish holding their mouth open while they swim to allow for constant water flow

seen in pelagic fish (sharks)

Question 5

countercurrent exchange

Answer 5

bringing blood and respiratory water into close contact on either side of a membrane through which gas can diffuse

Question 6

is countercurrent exchange active or passive

Answer 6

passive - gas moves from high to low concentration

Question 7

respiratory volume

Answer 7

the volume of water pumped over the gills

Question 8

gills

Answer 8

branching organs that contain small capillaries for gas exchange

used for excretion of nitrogenous waste –> can measure BUN to evaluate gill function

Question 9

what color are gills in health

Answer 9

homogenous, bright red

Question 10

gill arch

Answer 10

cartilage core that provides structure to the gills

Question 11

gill rakers

Answer 11

short, rigid cartilage projections that filter debris to protect the gills

Question 12

primary lamellae

Answer 12

gill filaments that project off of the gill arch

Question 13

secondary lamellae

Answer 13

ridges with thin walls that constitute the barrier between blood and surrounding water

project off of the primary lamellae

Question 14

gill mount

Answer 14

method of evaluating gill health

Question 15

normal gills on gill mount

Answer 15

gills should have open spaces between secondary lamellae to allow water passage

Question 16

what happens to gills in disease

Answer 16

hypertrophy and hyperplasia –> loss of space for water flow between filaments

Question 17

hamburger gill disease

Answer 17

a type of proliferative gill disease

Question 18

fish heart anatomy

Answer 18

sinus venosus –> atrium –> ventricle –> bulbus/conus arteriosus

Question 19

sinus venosus

Answer 19

receives deoxygenated blood
also the pacemaker region

Question 20

what is unique about the fish atrium endothelium

Answer 20

phagocytic - has immune function

Question 21

caudal peduncle

Answer 21

area between the anal, caudal, and dorsal fins
site of the lateral line where the caudal vein and artery run ventral to the vertebrae

Question 22

lateral line

Answer 22

site of blood collection

Question 23

where does hematopoiesis occur in fish

Answer 23

spleen and kidneys

Question 24

do birds have lymph nodes

Answer 24

no

Question 25

bird heart anatomy

Answer 25

four chambered heart located in cranial coelomic cavity

Question 26

valve types in avian heart

Answer 26

L AV valve: tricuspid R AV valve: single flap attached to RVFW that closes in response to purkinje system SL valves: tricuspid

Question 27

how many aortic arches persist in avian adults

Answer 27

3 - carotid, aorta, pulmonary artery

Question 28

what does the carotid supply in birds

Answer 28

brain and neck

Question 29

what does the subclavian supply in birds

Answer 29

wings and muscles

Question 30

where does the majority of cardiac output go in birds

Answer 30

heart liver kidneys intestines if flying: wings and pectorals

Question 31

how many vena cava do birds have

Answer 31

2 cranial - 1 right, 1 left 1 caudal

Question 32

what is unique about avian erythrocytes

Answer 32

oval and nucleated

Question 35

what is unique about avian thrombocytes

Answer 35

large and nucleated

Question 35

what are 3 common avian cardiomyopathies

Answer 35

1. sudden death syndrome 2. dilated cardiomyopathy 3. ascites pulmonary hypertension

Question 36

sudden death syndrome (SDS)

Answer 36

"flip over disease" - sudden death after wing flapping episode occurs in fast growing broiler chickens caused by ventricular fibrillation, electrolyte/metabolic imbalances, genetic/enviromental factors causes acute death - red/white mottling of breast and congested lungs

Question 38

dilated cardiomyopathy in birds

Answer 38

round heart disease - causes low cardiac output and systemic hypotension caused by genetics, viral myocarditis, incubation hypoxia causes hydropericardium, ascites, organ congestion

Question 39

ascites pulmonary hypertension

Answer 39

rapid growth causes an increase in metabolic rate; leads to high O2 demand and increased workload on the heart insufficiency lung capacity --> pulmonary hypertension --> RV hypertrophy --> dilation --> R heart failure --> ascites

Question 40

what is unique about respiration in birds

Answer 40

ventilation and gas exchange functions are separated between air sacs and lungs

Question 41

function of air sacs

Answer 41

site of ventilation membranous structures that attach to primary and secondary bronchi and bellow air through the parabronchial lung for gas exchange

Question 42

how many air sacs are there

Answer 42

9 total 2 cervical 1 clavicular 2 cranial thoracic 2 caudal thoracic 2 abdominal

Question 43

does air movement through air sacs rely on pressure gradient

Answer 43

NO

Question 44

function of the parabronchial lung

Answer 44

site of gas exchange located dorsally and embedded into rib cage

Question 45

do the lungs require a pressure gradient

Answer 45

NO

Question 46

do the lungs change size while breathing

Answer 46

NO

Question 47

what are the air conducting and gas exchange regions of the parabronchial lung

Answer 47

primary/secondary bronchi - conducting airways parabronchi - gas exchange

Question 48

choana

Answer 48

slit in the roof of the mouth that connects the oropharynx with the nasal cavity

Question 49

larynx

Answer 49

separates oro-nasal cavity from the trachea

Question 50

what kind of cartilage surrounds the trachea

Answer 50

surrounded by a complete cartilaginous ring

Question 51

what is unique about avian trachea

Answer 51

holds a large volume - respiration need to be slow and deep to compensate for high amount of dead space

Question 52

syringe/syrinx

Answer 52

bifurcation of the trachea into bronchi; site of vocalization

Question 53

pneumatic bones

Answer 53

hollow bones that allow for airflow

Question 54

what are the two main respiratory diseases in birds

Answer 54

1. Newcastle disease 2. avian influenza