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VET 408: Cardio/Respiratory > Alveolar Ventilation > Flashcards

Alveolar Ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

ventilation

A

the movement of fresh gas into the lungs for gas exchange, and movement of that gas back out of the lungs

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2
Q

what is inspired air and what happens to it as it gets breathed in

A

environmental air; gets heated to body temperature and fully humidified when inhaled

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3
Q

what is FIO2

A

fraction of O2 in inspired gas

at sea level FIO2 = 21%

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4
Q

what is the partial pressure of water vapor

A

50 mmHg

causes a drop in PO2 in the air as it travels into alveoli

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5
Q

equation for inspired air PO2 (PIO2)

A

PIO2 = FIO2 (PB - PH2O)

PIO2 = 149 mmHg at sea level

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6
Q

what is barometric pressure

A

760 mmHg

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7
Q

tidal volume

A

the volume of air moved with each breath

measured on expiration since volume in does not equal volume out

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8
Q

tidal volume equation

A

VT = VD + VA

VD = vol of air in dead space
VA = vol of air in alveoli

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9
Q

normal tidal volume

A

10-20 mL/kg

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10
Q

minute ventilation

A

volume of air exhaled in one minute

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11
Q

minute ventilation equation

A

minute ventilation = VT x RR

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12
Q

anatomic dead space

A

amount of tidal volume that doesn’t reach alveoli - remains in conducting airways and does NOT participate in gas exchange

NORMAL - can not change

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13
Q

alveolar dead space

A

amount of tidal volume that reaches alveoli but does not participate in gas exchange due to lack of perfusion to the alveolus

ABNORMAL - all should be perfused in health

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14
Q

physiologic dead space

A

the amount of minute ventilation that goes to dead space (anatomic or alveolar)

considered wasted ventilation

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15
Q

is VA equal to the total volume of gas in the alveoli

A

NO - it is the volume that reaches the alveoli per breath

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16
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

the part of minute ventilation coming from the gas exchange regions

alveolar ventilation = VA x RR

17
Q

how does CO2 diffuse

A

along partial pressure gradient

tissues –> blood –> lungs –> pulmonary capillaries –> alveolar gas

18
Q

alveolar CO2 (PACO2)

A

CO2 added to alveolar gas by pulmonary arterial blood and removed by alveolar ventilation

19
Q

how is PACO2 related to alveolar ventilation

A

INVERSE

high ventilation = low PACO2 because more gas exchange is occurring

20
Q

where does all CO2 come from

A

tissues (do NOT inspire CO2)

21
Q

arterial PCO2 (PaCO2)

A

CO2 added to arterial blood from production in tissues

22
Q

how are arterial and alveolar PCO2 related

A

nearly equal because CO2 is highly diffusible

23
Q

how is PaCO2 related to alveolar ventilation

A

INVERSE

high ventilation = low PaCO2 because more gas exchange is occurring

24
Q

what is the ONLY way to measure ventilation

A

PCO2 in arterial or venous blood (ideally arterial)

PaCO2 should be 35-45 mmHg

25
Q

hypoventilation

A

low alveolar ventilation leading to low CO2 output –> high CO2 remaining in body

causes hypercapnia (high PA and PaCO2)

26
Q

how can hypoventilation cause hypoxemia

A

high PaCO2 leaves less room available for O2, causing PaO2 to decrease

27
Q

is hypoventilation caused by respiratory rate or tidal volume

A

NO - can have any RR and still be hypoventilating

28
Q

hyperventilation

A

high alveolar ventilation resulting in high CO2 output –> low CO2 remaining in the body

causes hypocapnia (low PA and PaCO2)

29
Q

alveolar gas equation

A

PAO2 = inspired PO2 - (PACO2 / R)

inspired PO2 = 149 mmHg
R = 0.8 (respiratory exchange ratio)

30
Q

how can you use alveolar PO2 to evaluate arterial PO2

A

PAO2 is the maximum value that PaO2 can be

PaO2 is usually slightly lower than PAO2 (5-15 mmHg)

31
Q

what does it mean if PAO2 is lower than PaO2

A

low inspired O2 (altitude)
or
high arterial O2 (hyperventilation)

32
Q

what does it mean if PaO2 is significantly lower than PAO2

A
  1. decreased O2 delivery
  2. increased O2 consumption
  3. Hbg deficiency/abnormality

VET 408: Cardio/Respiratory (38 decks)

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